The initial Persian expansion was against the cities of Mesopotamia.

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The final temperature will depend not only on the initial and final pressures, but also on the initial temperature and whether the expansion is adiabatic.

Apparent expansion of a liquid is the increase in volume which appears to have taken place if no notice is taken. Real expansion is the actual increase in volume of a liquid per unit volume per degree rise in temperature

1.Isothermal expansion at a high temperature AB

2.Adiabatic expansion as the temperature falls to a lower rule BC

3.Isothermal compression at lower temperature CD

4.Adiabatic compression as temperature increase to initial high volume DA