town (1990 pop. 35,228), Hampshire co., central Mass., in a fertile farm area; inc. 1759. Named for Lord Jeffery Amherst, it is a college town. Emily Dickinson was born and lived there all her life. Helen Hunt Jackson was also born there, and Ray Stannard Baker, Eugene Field, Robert Frost, and Noah Webster lived in the town. It is the seat of the Univ. of Massachusetts, Hampshire College, and Amherst College. The Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art is there.

Amherst, Massachusetts
Downtown Amherst. Shops along the west side of South Pleasant Street, February 2005.
Seal
Nickname: A-town
Location in Hampshire County in Massachusetts
Coordinates: 42°22′49″N 72°31′25″W / 42.38028, -72.52361
Country	United States
State	Massachusetts
County	Hampshire
Settled	1703
Incorporated	1775
Government
- Type	Representative town meeting
Area
- Town	sq mi (km²)
- Land	sq mi ( km²)
- Water	sq mi ( km²)
Elevation	ft ( m)
Population (2000)
- Town
- Density	/sq mi (/km²)
Time zone	Eastern (UTC-5)
- Summer (DST)	Eastern (UTC-4)
ZIP code	01002
Area code(s)	413
FIPS code	25-01325
GNIS feature ID	0618195
Website: http://www.amherstma.gov/

Amherst is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States in the Connecticut River valley. At the 2000 census, the population was 34,874. The town is home to Amherst College, Hampshire College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst, three of the Five Colleges. The name of the town is pronounced correctly (by natives and long-term residents) without the h ("AM-erst"),^[1] unlike some other towns of the same name.^[2]

Some parts of the Town have specific geographic and demographic information: Amherst Center, North Amherst, and South Amherst.

History

The earliest known document of the lands now comprising Amherst is the deed of purchase dated December 1658 between John Pynchon of Springfield and three native inhabitants, referred to as Umpanchla, Quonquont and Chickwolopp. According to the deed, "ye Indians of Nolwotogg (Norwottuck) upon ye River of Quinecticott (Connecticut)" sold the entire area in exchange for "two Hundred fatham of Wampam & Twenty fatham, and one large Coate at Eight fatham wch Chickwollop set of, of trusts, besides severall small giftes" (sic). Amherst will celebrate its 250th anniversary in 2009. The Amherst 250th Anniversary Celebration Committee has been established to oversee the creation and implementation of Town-wide activities throughout 2009.

When the first permanent English settlements arrived in 1727, this land and the surrounding area (including present-day South Hadley and Granby) belonged to the town of Hadley. It gained precinct status in 1734 and eventually township in 1776, shortly before the colonies declared their independence.

Upon its incorporation, the colonial governor assigned to them the name Amherst after Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst. Many colonial governors at the time were scattering his name amidst the influx of new town applications, which is why several towns in the Northeast bear the name. Amherst was a hero of the French and Indian War who, according to popular legend, singlehandedly won Canada for the English and banished France from North America. He supported the American side in the Revolutionary war and resigned his commission rather than fight for the British. This too made him quite popular in New England. Amherst is also infamous for considering, in a letter to a peer, the use of smallpox-covered blankets in warfare against the Native Americans. It is for this reason that there have been occasional ad hoc movements to rename the town. Among the new names suggested for the town has been "Emily" after Emily Dickinson (see Notable Residents below).

In 1786, as the American Revolution was ending, many soldiers returning home found themselves in debt as they were unable to attend to business and property while they were away fighting. Farmers who were unable to pay taxes and debts had their property and livestock confiscated by the courts. Daniel Shays, a Pelham resident who was promoted from the ranks to be a Captain in the Revolutionary Army, organized Shays's Rebellion.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 71.9 km² (27.8 mi²). 71.8 km² (27.7 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it (0.14%) is water. For interactive mapping provided by the Town of Amherst, see External Links on this page.

Demographics

Historical population of Amherst[3]
1790	1,233
1800	1,258
1810	1,469
1820	1,917
1830	2,631
1840	2,550
1850	3,057
1860	3,206
1870	4,035
1880	4,298
1890	4,512
1900	5,028
1910	5,112
1920	5,550
1930	5,888
1940	6,410
1950	10,856
1960	13,718
1970	26,331
1980	33,229
1990	35,228
2000	34,874
2005	34,047 (estimate)

As of the 2000 U.S. Census, there were 34,874 people, 9,174 households, and 4,550 families residing in the town. The population density was 485.7/km² (1,258.2/mi²). There were 9,427 housing units at an average density of 131.3/km² (340.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the town was 79.33% White, 5.10% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 9.02% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 2.89% from other races, and 3.35% from two or more races. 6.19% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 9,174 households out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.4% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the town the population was spread out with 12.8% under the age of 18, 50.0% from 18 to 24, 17.2% from 25 to 44, 13.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $40,017, and the median income for a family was $61,237. Males had a median income of $44,795 versus $32,672 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,427. About 7.2% of families and 20.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.3% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over. The reason for the large population living below the poverty line is because of the large number of students that live in Amherst.^{[citation needed]}

Of residents 25 years old or older, 41.7% have a graduate or professional degree, and only 4.9% did not graduate from high school. The largest industry is education, health, and social services, in which 51.9% of employed persons work.

These statistics include some but not all of the large student population, many of whom only reside in the town part of the year. Amherst is home to thousands of part-time and full-time residents associated with the University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst College, and Hampshire College.

Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of October 18, 2006[4]
Party		Total Voters	Percentage
	Democratic	8,350	49.18%
	Republican	1,076	6.34%
	Unaffiliated	7,228	42.57%
	Other Parties	326	1.92%
Total		16,980	100%

Government

Amherst is among relatively few towns of its size in Massachusetts in not having moved to a mayor-council or council-manager form of government. Instead, it has maintained the traditional town meeting (legislative) and select board (executive), though with the important modification, allowed through a special state law, whereby Town Meeting is made up of elected representatives of each precinct in the town. In addition, the select board hires a town manager to handle the day-to-day administrative details of running a town.

In recent years, some have sought to abolish the 254-member Town Meeting with a new charter that would create a directly-elected mayor and a nine-member Town Council. The charter was rejected by voters in Spring 2003 by fourteen votes, and defeated again on March 29, 2005 by 252 votes.

The Pioneer Valley Transit Authority, funded by local governments and the Five Colleges, provides public transportation in the area.

Notable residents

Historical

• Noah Webster, (1758-1843) Author of An American Dictionary of the English Language
• Osmyn Baker, (1800-1875) born in Amherst, United States Congressman and lawyer^[5]
• Mason Cook Darling, (1801-1866), born in Amherst, United States Congressman from Wisconsin and first mayor of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.^[5]
• Edward Dickinson, (1803-1874), born in Amherst, lawyer, United States Congressman, and father of Emily Dickinson.^[5]
• William S. Clark, (1825-1886) Christian scientist, academician, politician, businessman; principal founder of the Massachusetts Agricultural College (now the University of Massachusetts, Amherst), founder of the Sapporo Agricultural College (now the Hokkaido University).
• Helen Hunt Jackson, (1830-1885), born in Amherst, noted author best known for her novel Ramona.^[5]
• Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), born and lived in Amherst, one of the most prominent and celebrated American poets.^[5]
• Robert Frost, (1874-1963) poet
• Robert Francis, (1901-1987) poet

Born or raised in Amherst

• Steve Porter, Music producer
• Allen St. Pierre, Executive Director of NORML, attended public schools in Amherst and graduated from the University of Massachusetts.
• Uma Thurman, (b. 1970) Oscar-nominated actress, whose father Robert Thurman taught at Amherst College.

Live in Amherst

• Christopher Benfey, author of The Great Wave, professor at Mount Holyoke College
• Augusten Burroughs, author of Running with Scissors
• Norton Juster, author of The Phantom Tollbooth
• Julius Lester, author and professor at the University of Massachusetts
• Michael Lesy, author of Wisconsin Death Trip, professor at Hampshire College.
• J Mascis of alternative rock group Dinosaur Jr
• James Tate, (b. 1943) poet and professor at University of Massachusetts
• Joseph Ellis, historian and author of Founding Brothers

• Martín Espada, poet, professor at the University of Massachusetts and author of the 2006 The Republic of Poetry, among others

Points of interest

• Amherst Cinema Arts Center, a local theater showing mostly art and independent films
• Amherst College Museum of Natural History, including the Hitchcock Ichnological Cabinet
• Theodore Baird Residence, designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright
• Dickinson Homestead, birthplace and lifelong residence of poet Emily Dickinson, now a museum [1]. She is buried nearby in West Cemetery on Triangle Street.
• The Horse Caves are located at the base of Mt. Norwottuck in the Mt. Holyoke Range State Park

See also

• Amherst (Amtrak station)

References

1. ^ languagehat.com, uscho.com, bbc.co.uk
2. ^ See, e.g., www.amerst.com, an Amherst College alumni website, among many other sources.
3. ^ amherstma.gov, census.gov
4. ^ 2006 State Election Party Enrollment Statistics (PDF, 108k) (PDF). Massacusetts Secretary of State. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} (1967) Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Marquis Who's Who. 

External links

• Town of Amherst Official Site
• Amherst Downtown
• Amherst Bulletin newspaper
• Amherst Area Chamber of Commerce

Coordinates: 42.366667° N 72.516667° W

• • Property maps and more: Town of Amherst GIS
  • 3D Buildings at the Google 3D Warehouse: Amherst 3D Warehouse page

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