Health science

Health science is the applied science dealing with health, and it includes many subdisciplines. See also health science academic disciplines.

There are two approaches to health science: the study and research of the food that we eat; and the study and research of health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure diseases.

Health research builds upon the natural sciences of biology, chemistry, and physics as well as a variety of multidisciplinary fields. Some of the other primarily research-oriented fields that make exceptionally significant contributions to health science are biochemistry, epidemiology, genetics, and pharmacology (see also life sciences and life science academic disciplines).

A myriad of applied health specializations and professions also endeavor to better understand health, but in addition they try to directly improve the health of individuals and of people in general, as well as of other animals (see also veterinary medicine). Some of these are: alternative medicine, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, clinical laboratory science, medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, public health, psychology, and physical therapy. The provision of services to improve people's health is referred to as health care (see also branches of medicine).

The health sciences industry, a multi-billion dollar business sector, is a cross-section of the life sciences and the health care and medical diagnostics industries.

Acquisition of health-related knowledge

Medical research is basic and applied research conducted to improve the evaluation of new treatments for both safety and efficacy in what are termed clinical trials, or to develop new treatments (referred to as preclinical research).

The increased longevity of humans over the past century is due in large part to medical research. Among the major advancements in medicine have been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statins and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments for cancer. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the human genome project. Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance and the obesity epidemic.

Application of health-related knowledge (health care)

Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. According to the World Health Organization, health care embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including “preventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations”.^[1] The organized provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This can include a specific governmental organization such as the National Health Service in the UK, or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in shared care.

There is a wide range of traditional areas of health care. The most common areas are: medicine, nursing, midwifery, pharmacy, dentistry, clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics), and various forms of therapy to supplement the healing process and restore proper activity (e.g. dietetics, recreational, physical, occupational, orthoptic care, speech, and respiratory).

Like health science in general, health care includes both the study and application of preventing and curing human diseases and disorders. Medical doctors include physicians and surgeons.

There are many different branches of medicine; the other health care professions also have specialties or focus on specific populations or settings of care. Public health studies the effect of environmental factors such as available health care resources on the health of the general population, often focusing on particular populations, such as mothers and children. Dietitians educate people about proper nutrition, particularly specific dietary needs of populations such as people with diabetes, breastfeeding women, and people with celiac disease. Other less common medical areas include first aid and triage.

Dental health has grown in importance in recent decades making dentistry a major field of health sciences. Counselling, hospice care, home care, nutrition, medical social work, alternative medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology are all considered part of health science.

Clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics) is also a major field of health sciences.

Veterinary medicine is the health science dedicated exclusively to the care of animals. Veterinary medicine is involved in preventing and curing animal diseases and disorders, inspecting animal-originated food (such as milk and meat) and animal husbandry.

Health practices

Conventional Western practices

• Athletic training
• Clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics)
• Dentistry
• Dietetics
• Epidemiology
• Evidence-based medicine
• Genetic counseling
• Medical physics
• Medicine
• Nursing
• Nutrition
• Occupational therapy
• Optometry
• Orthoptics
• Osteopathic medicine (Note: Osteopathy, as practiced in most countries other than the USA, is listed under complementary and alternative practices below)
• Paramedicine
• Pharmacology
• Physical therapy (physiotherapy)
• Prosthetics and Orthotics
• Psychology, including Animal, Behavioural, Clinical, Health, Medical, Neuropsychology and others
• Psychoanalysis
• Psychotherapy, including Cognitive therapy
• Public health
• Physical education
• Speech-Language Pathology
• Surgery, including anaesthesiology
• Veterinary medicine

Historical western

• Blood letting
• Heroic medicine
• Magnet therapy
• Patent medicine
• Phrenology
• Trepanation

Traditional or folk medicine

• Shamanism
• Ayurveda
• Medical herbalism
• Traditional Chinese medicine, including acupuncture
• Traditional Korean medicine
• Unani

Complementary and alternative medicine

• Alexander Technique
• Chiropractic (in some countries: included within Conventional Western practices)
• Dorn method
• Herbalism
• Holistic health
• Homeopathy
• Hypnosis
• Massage therapy
• Natural medicine
• Naturopathic medicine
• Orthomolecular medicine
• Osteopathy (Note: Osteopathic medicine as practiced in the USA is listed under traditional western practices above)

New Age or spiritualist

• Christian Science
• Faith healing
• Johrei
• Maharishi Vedic Medicine
• Reiki

Contemporary themes

Because health science deal with human life, issues of medical ethics, an important area of ethics, arise frequently. Medical ethics includes questions on topics such as a patient's right to privacy and his/her right to be involved in treatment and decision-making. Euthanasia, abortion, human cloning, stem cell research and genetic engineering are especially controversial issues directly related to health science.

History of health science

The foundations for the Health Sciences fields are as old as the human race. Humans have always been in need of solutions to address illness, injury, and various health related issues such as childbirth. With modern technology and the backing of the pure sciences, the scientific accuracy of these fields has greatly improved. Nevertheless, many cultures have used and continue to use various herbs and other culturally specific solutions to help solve health problems that may or may not be backed by any scientific support.

See also

• Academic health science centre
• Biomedical engineering
• Biomedical informatics
• Biomedical research
• Biomedical technology
• Emergency medical services
• Evidence-based medicine
• Health care, Acronyms in healthcare
• Health economics
• History of medicine
• Medical Encyclopedia
• Medical ethics
• Medical informatics
• Pharmaceutical industry
• Preventive medicine
• Public health
• Publicly-funded health care

External links and references

• Links to Health Professions Websites
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
• The US National Library of Medicine

References