A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing airway resistance and thereby facilitating airflow. Bronchodilators may be endogenous (originating naturally within the body), or they may be medications administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties. They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases, of which asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions. Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis. They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases.
Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute bronchoconstriction. Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms. The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are β2-agonists (short- and long-acting), anticholinergics (short-acting), and theophylline (long-acting).
Short-acting β2-agonists
These are quick-relief or "rescue" medications that provide quick fast, temporary relief from asthma symptoms or flare-ups. These medications usually take effect within 20 minutes or less, and can last from four to six hours. These inhaled medications are best for treating sudden and severe or new asthma symptoms. Taken 15 to 20 minutes ahead of time, these medications can also prevent asthma symptoms triggered by exercise or exposure to cold air. Patients that regularly or frequently need to take short-acting β2-agonists should consult their doctor, as such usage indicates uncontrolled asthma, and their routine medications may need adjustment.
Long-acting β2-agonists
These are long-term medications taken routinely in order to control and prevent bronchoconstriction. They are not intended for fast relief. These medications take longer to begin working, but relieve airway constriction for up to 12 hours.
- Inhaled - Commonly taken twice a day with an anti-inflammatory medication, they maintain open airways and prevent asthma symptoms, particularly at night.
- Oral - Long-acting salbutamol is available in pill or syrup form.
Effective for 12 hours, salbutamol is particularly helpful for nighttime asthma symptoms. Because this medication requires high dosing, there tend to be increased side-effects. Therefore it is not commonly prescribed. Side-effects include increased heart rate; hyperactivity; feeling nervous, shaky, or over-excited; and, very rarely, upset stomach or difficulty sleeping.
Anticholinergics
Only available as an inhalant, ipratropium bromide relieves acute or new asthma symptoms. Because it has no effect on asthma symptoms when used alone, it is most often paired with a short-acting β2-agonist. While it is considered a relief or rescue medication, it can take a full hour to begin working. For this reason, it plays a minor role in asthma treatment. Dry throat is the most common side-effect. If the medication gets in contact with the eyes, it may cause blurred vision for a brief time.
Other
Available in oral and injectable form, theophylline is a long-acting bronchodilator that prevents asthma episodes. It belongs to the chemical class methyl xanthines (along with caffeine). It is prescribed in severe cases of asthma or those that are difficult to control. It must be taken 1-4 times daily, and doses cannot be missed. Blood tests are required to monitor therapy and to indicate when dosage adjustment is necessary. Side-effects can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach or headache, rapid or irregular heart beat, muscle cramps, nervous or jittery feelings, and hyperactivity. These symptoms may signal the need for an adjustment in medication. It may promote acid reflux, also known as GERD, by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter muscle. Some medications, such as seizure and ulcer medications and antibiotics containing erythromycin, can interfere with the way theopylline works. Coffee, tea, colas, cigarette-smoking, and viral illnesses can all affect the action of theophylline and change its effectiveness. A physician should monitor dosage levels to meet each patient's profile and needs.
Additionally some psychostimulant drugs that have an amphetamine like mode of action, such as amphetamine[1], methamphetamine[2], and cocaine[3], have bronchodilating effects and were used often for asthma due to the lack of effective β2-agonists for use as bronchdilators, but are now rarely, if ever, used medically for their bronchodilation effect.[citation needed]
Common bronchodilators
Following the standard convention of medicine, the capitalized brand name is followed by the lowercased generic name in parentheses.
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