ferrous sulfate

 

or iron (II) sulfate, chemical compound, FeSO₄. It is known as the monohydrate, FeSO₄·H₂O; the tetrahydrate, FeSO₄·4H₂O; the pentahydrate, FeSO₄·5H₂O; and the heptahydrate, FeSO₄·7H₂O. The heptahydrate is also called green vitriol, copperas, or melanterite (a mineral that commonly occurs with pyrite). It is a blue-green monoclinic crystalline water-soluble salt. It is prepared commercially by oxidation of pyrite (iron sulfide) or by treating iron with sulfuric acid. It is used in the manufacture of inks, in wool dyeing as a mordant, and in water purification as a substitute for aluminum sulfate. It melts at 64°C, and at 90°C it loses water of hydration to form the monohydrate, a white, monoclinic, crystalline powder that occurs naturally as the mineral szomolnokite. The mineral siderotil is iron sulfate pentahydrate.

Iron(II) sulfate
Other names	ferrous sulphate; green vitriol; iron vitriol; copperas; melanterite; szomolnokite
Identifiers
CAS number	7720-78-7
Properties
Molecular formula	FeSO4·H2O; FeSO4·4H2O; FeSO4·5H2O; FeSO4·7H2O
Molar mass	151.908 g/mol (anhydrous); 169.923 g/mol (monohydrate); 224.120 g/mol (tetrahydrate); 242.135 g/mol (pentahydrate); 278.05 g/mol (heptahydrate)
Appearance	blue/green or white crystals
Density	1.898 g/cm³
Melting point	64°C
Boiling point	90°C (becomes FeSO4·H2O)
Solubility in other solvents	Soluble
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Iron(II) sulfate is the chemical compound with the formula (FeSO₄). Also known as ferrous sulphate, or copperas, iron(II) sulfate is most commonly encountered as the blue-green heptahydrate. In its anhydrous, crystalline state, its standard enthalpy of formation is Δ_fH°_solid = -928.4 kJ.mol^-1 and its standard molar entropy is S°_solid = 107.5 J.K^-1.mol^-1.

Hydrates

Iron(II) sulfate can be found in various states of hydration, and several of these forms exist in nature.

• FeSO₄·H₂O (mineral: szomolnokite)
• FeSO₄·4H₂O
• FeSO₄·5H₂O (mineral: siderotil)
• FeSO₄·7H₂O (mineral: melanterite)

At 90°C, the heptahydrate loses water to form the colourless monohydrate, also called green vitriol or copperas.

Production

In the finishing of steel prior to plating or coating, the steel sheet or rod is passed through pickling baths of sulfuric acid. This treatment produces large quantities of iron(II) sulfate as a waste product. Iron(II) sulfate is prepared commercially by oxidation of pyrite, or by treating iron with sulfuric acid.

Uses

Ferrous sulfate is applied for the purification of water by flocculation and for phosphate removal in municipal and industrial sewage treatment plants to prevent eutrophication of surface water bodies.

Large quantities of this salt are used as a reducing agent, mostly for the reduction of chromate in cement.

Nutrition

Ferrous sulfate is used to treat iron-deficiency anemia. Side effects of therapy may include nausea and epigastric abdominal discomfort after taking iron. These side effects may be minimized by taking ferrous sulfate at bedtime. Copperas was given indiscriminately by untrained persons to slaves in the 18th and 19th centuries for various ailments. The knowledge that it would cause violent nausea and vomiting made it an ideal "remedy" for virtually anything that ailed a slave and kept him from work. Many slaves were poisoned and died from this practice.^{[citation needed]}

Ferrous sulfate is also used to fortify various foods with iron, for example, the enriched corn meal in Cheetos.^[1]

Colouring

Ferrous sulfate is used in the manufacture of inks, most notably iron gall ink, which was used from the middle ages until the American Revolution. It also finds use in wool dyeing as a mordant.

Two different methods for the direct application of indigo dye were developed in England in the eighteenth century and remained in use well into the nineteenth century. One of these, known as china blue, involved iron(II) sulfate. After printing an insoluble form of indigo onto the fabric, the indigo was reduced to leuco-indigo in a sequence of baths of ferrous sulfate (with reoxidation to indigo in air between immersions). The china blue process could make sharp designs, but it could not produce the dark hues of other methods.

Ferrous sulfate can also be used to stain concrete a yellowish rust colour.^[2]

Woodworkers use ferrous sulfate solutions to color maple wood a silvery hue.

Other uses

In horticulture it is used as a lawn conditioner and moss killer.

In the second half of the 19th century, Ferrous Sulfate was also used as a photographic developer for Collodion process images.

Ferrous sulfate is sometimes added to the cooling water flowing through the brass tubes of a turbine condenser. It forms an erosion-resistant, protective coating on the inside of the tube.

See also

• Iron(III) sulfate, the other common simple sulfate of iron.
• Ammonium iron(II) sulfate, a common double salt of ammonium sulfate with iron(II) sulfate.

References

1. ^ Product Information - Smart Spot. PepsiCo. (December 6, 2006).
2. ^ How To Stain Concrete with Iron Sulfate

External links

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