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Faith can refer to a religion, or to belief in one or more deities. It has two general implications which can be implied either exclusively or mutually:
- To trust:
- Believing a certain variable will act or has the potential to act a specific way despite
the potential influence and probability of known or unknown change.
- To have faith that one's spouse will keep a promise or commitment.
- To have faith that the world will someday be peaceful.
- To have faith that a person will pay you back.
- To have faith in one's full dependence on the will of supernatural forces or deities.
- To believe without reason:
- Believing impulsively, or believing based upon social traditions or personal hopes.
In either case, faith is based upon the interpretation of the intangible (feelings,
emotions, etc.) instead of the physically tangible and is primarily associated with religion in
modern times.
Epistemological validity of faith
There exists a wide spectrum of opinion with respect to the epistemological validity of faith. On one extreme is
logical positivism, which denies the validity of any beliefs held by faith; on the
other extreme is fideism, which holds that true belief can only arise from faith, because reason
and evidence cannot lead to truth. Some foundationalists, such as St. Augustine of Hippo and Alvin Plantinga, hold that all of
our beliefs rest ultimately on beliefs accepted by faith. Others, such as C.S. Lewis, hold
that faith is merely the virtue by which we hold to our reasoned ideas, despite moods to the contrary.
Fideism
-
In Christian theology, fideism is any of several belief systems which hold, on various grounds, that reason is irrelevant to
religious faith. According to some versions of fideism, reason is the antithesis of faith; according to others, faith is prior to
or beyond reason, and therefore is unable to be proven or disproven by it.
The word is also occasionally used to refer to the Protestant belief that Christians are saved by faith alone: for which see
solā fide. This position is sometimes called solifidianism.
Many noted philosophers and theologians have espoused the idea that faith is the
basis of all knowledge. One example is St. Augustine of Hippo. Known as one of his
key contributions to philosophy, the idea of "faith seeking understanding" was set forth by St. Augustine in his statement
"Crede, ut intelligas" ("Believe in order that you may understand"). This statement extends beyond the sphere of
religion to encompass the totality of knowledge. In essence, faith must be present in
order to know anything. In other words, one must assume, believe, or have faith in the credibility of a person, place,
thing, or idea in order to have a basis for knowledge.
One illustration of this concept is in the development of knowledge in children. A child typically holds parental teaching as
credible, in spite of the child's lack of sufficient research to establish such credibility empirically. That parental teaching,
however fallible, becomes a foundation upon which future knowledge is built.[citation needed] The child’s faith in his/her parents teaching is based on a belief in their
credibility. Unless/until the child’s belief in their parents’ credibility is superseded by a stronger belief, the parental
teaching will serve as a filter through which other teaching must be processed and/or evaluated. Following this line of
reasoning, and assuming that children have finite or limited empirical knowledge at birth, it follows that faith is the
fundamental basis of all knowledge one has. Even adults attribute the basis for some of their knowledge to so called
"authorities" in a given field of study. This is true because one simply does not have the
time or resources to evaluate all of his/her knowledge empirically and exhaustively. "Faith"
is used instead.
However, a child's parents are not infallible. Some of what the child learns from them will be wrong, and some will be
rejected. It is rational (albeit at a perhaps instinctive level) for the child to trust the parents in the absence of other
sources of information, but it is also irrational to cling rigidly to everything one was originally taught in the face of
countervailing evidence. Parental instruction may be the historical foundation of future knowledge, but that does not
necessarily make it a structural foundation.
It is sometimes argued that even scientific knowledge is dependent on 'faith' - for example, faith that the researcher
responsible for an empirical conclusion is competent, and honest. Indeed, distinguished chemist and philosopher Michael Polanyi argued that scientific discovery begins with a scientist's faith that an unknown
discovery is possible. Scientific discovery thus requires a passionate commitment to a result that is unknowable at the outset.
Polanyi argued that the scientific method is not an objective method removed from man's passion. On the contrary, scientific
progress depends primarily on the unique capability of free man to notice and investigate patterns and connections, and on the
individual scientist's willingness to commit time and resources to such investigation, which usually must begin before the truth
is known or the benefits of the discovery are imagined, let alone understood fully. It could then be argued that until one
possesses all knowledge in totality, one will need faith in order to believe an understanding to be correct or incorrect in total
affirmation.
Again, scientific faith is not dogmatic. Whilst the scientist must make presuppositions in order to get the enterprise under
way, almost everything (according to some thinkers, such as Quine,
literally everything) is revisable and discardable.
Faith as commitment
Sometimes, faith means a belief in a relationship with a deity. In this case, "faith" is used
in the sense of "fidelity." For many Jews, the Hebrew Bible and Talmud depict a committed but contentious relationship between their God and the Children of Israel. For a lot of
people, faith or the lack thereof, is an important part of their identity, for
example a person who identifies himself or herself as a Muslim or a skeptic.
Faith in world religions
Christianity
-
Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and
teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as depicted in the New
Testament.[2] Most Christians believe Jesus is the
Son of God and the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament, and that the New Testament records the Gospel that was revealed by Jesus. With an estimated 2.1 billion adherents, or approximately 33% of the world's
population in 2007,[3]
Christianity is the world's largest religion. It is the predominant religion in
Europe, the Americas, Southern Africa, the Philippines and Oceania.[4] It is also growing rapidly in
Asia, particularly in China and South Korea, Africa and Middle
East.[5]
Christianity began as an offshoot of Judaism,[6] and includes the Hebrew Bible (known to Christians as the
Old Testament) as well as the New Testament as its
canonical scriptures.[7] Like Judaism and
Islam, Christianity is classified as an Abrahamic
religion (see also, Judeo-Christian).[8][9]
True Biblical Faith
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In the Book of Hebrews, of the New Testament, faith is defined this way with its effacy, Faith is the substance of things
hoped for the evidence of things not seen, for by it the ancients received a good testimony." Hebrews 11:1-2 Some understand
the Bible to suggest that the faith spoken of in the Bible is not natural, common faith that a sinner, or anyone in the world
would use but its rather possessed only by those who believe in God - the ancients! Therefore, in-order to fully understand
faith, the lives of the ancients must be studied carefully. However, not all Christians agree in this narrow view. In fact, many
Christians have many differing understandings and interpretation of specific scriptures. There are also many theories of if one
has faith without specific knowledge of Christ, how one comes to have faith in Christ and exactly how that impacts a person or
community.
The following is a very specific interpretation of said scriptures coming from a very specific and narrow theology.
Hebrews chapter 11 goes to great length to expose the activities of faith in their lives. True biblical faith carries certain
supernatural qualities with it.
First, It must come from the Word of God (Romans 10:17); second,it must overcome the world ( 1 John 5:4) and must justify
whoever that has it. Third, it must shield from all the fiery darts of satan.
These are some of the supernatural qualities of faith. There are many others and we will look into them step by step. But
first, the most important person to study is Abraham because He believed God in a time of paganism and atheism and God accredited
it to him for righteousness. God justified him and sanctified him too.
The Faith of Abraham
Abraham heard God before he believed in God. It is therefore a principle of faith that a man must hear God first before he can
believe in Him. In Genesis 12:1(KJV) Abraham is commanded to get out of his country, his relatives and his fathers house, and go
to a land that God was to personally show him. This points to another aspect of true-biblical faith: Once God speaks to you and
you believe in Him you will be immediately called out of the world into His kingdom. Faith brings a separation because it is Holy
and the life of faith can only be lived with those that are holy; therefore, God will demand that you leave behind the works of
darkness.
Judaism
Although Judaism does recognize the positive value of Emunah (faith/belief) and the negative status of the
Apikorus (heretic) the specific tenets that compose required belief and their application to the times have been heatedly
disputed throughout Jewish history. Many, but not all, Orthodox Jews have accepted Maimonides' Thirteen
Principles of Belief.
A traditional example of faith as seen in the Jewish annals is found in the person of Abraham. A number of occasions, Abraham
both accepts statements from God that seem impossible and offers obedient actions in response to direction from God to do things
that seem implausible (see Genesis 12-15).
For a wide history of this dispute, see: Shapira, Marc: The Limits of Orthodox Theology: Maimonides' Thirteen Principles
Reappraised (Littman Library of Jewish Civilization (Series).)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon Church, LDS Church)
To have faith is to have confidence in something or someone. The Lord Jesus Christ has revealed himself and his perfect
character, possessing in their fullness all the attributes of love, knowledge, justice, mercy, unchangeableness, power, and every
other needful thing, so as to enable the mind of man to place confidence in him without reservation. Faith is encouraged by
hearing the testimony of those who have faith (Rom. 10: 14-17). Miracles do not produce faith, but strong faith is developed by
obedience and faith in the gospel of Jesus Christ. Faith is a principle of action and of power, and by it is believed one can
command the elements and/or heal the sick, or influence any number of circumstances when occasion warrants (James 4: 4-7) Also,
it is by faith that one obtains remission of sins and eventually can stand in the presence of God. All true faith must be based
upon correct knowledge or it cannot produce the desired results. Faith in Jesus Christ is the first principle of the gospel and
is more than belief, since true faith always moves its possessor to some kind of physical and mental action (James 2:17-18); it
carries an assurance of the fulfillment of the things hoped for. A lack of faith leads one to despair, which comes because of
iniquity.
The effects of true faith in Jesus Christ include
- An actual belief that the course of life one is pursuing is acceptable to the Lord (see Heb. 11: 4);
- A reception of the blessings of the Lord that are available to man in this life
- An assurance of personal salvation in the world to come.
These things involve individual and personal testimony, guidance, revelation, and spiritual knowledge. The Bible points out
some obstacles to faith in John 5: 44 and 12: 39-42 (cf. James 1: 6-8)
Islam
-
Faith in Islam is called iman. It is a complete,
unquestioning submission to (Allah) which includes belief, profession, and the body's performance of deeds consistent with the
commission as vicegerent on Earth according to Allah's will.
Iman has two aspects
- Recognizing and affirming that there is one Creator of the universe and only to this Creator is worship due. According to
Islamic thought, this comes naturally because faith is an instinct of the human soul. This instinct is then trained via parents
or guardians into specific religious or spiritual paths. Likewise, the instinct may not be guided at all.
- Willingness and commitment to submitting that Allah exists, and to His prescriptions for living in accordance with
vicegerency. The Quran (Koran) is the dictation of Allah's prescriptions through Prophet Muhammad and is believed to have updated
and completed previous revelations Allah sent through earlier prophets.
In the Qur'an, God (Allah in Arabic), states (2:62): Surely,
those who believe, those who are Jewish, the Christians, and the converts; anyone who (1) believes in GOD, and (2) believes in
the Last Day, and (3) leads a righteous life, will receive their recompense from their Lord. They have nothing to fear, nor will
they grieve. [2]
Buddhism
Faith (saddha/sraddha) is an important constituent element of the teachings of the Buddha -
both in the Theravada tradition as in the Mahayana. Faith in
Buddhism derives from the pali word saddhā, which often refers to a sense of
conviction. The saddhā is often described as:
- A conviction that something is
- A determination to accomplish one's goals
- A sense of joy deriving from the other two
While faith in Buddhism does not imply "blind faith", Buddhist faith (as advocated by the Buddha in various scriptures, or sutras) nevertheless requires a degree of blind faith and
belief primarily in the spiritual attainment and salvational knowledge of the Buddha. Faith in Buddhism centers on belief in the Buddha as a supremely Awakened being, on his superior role as teacher of both
humans and gods, in the truth of his Dharma (spiritual Doctrine), and in his Sangha (community of spiritually developed followers). Faith in Buddhism functions as a form of motor, which
propels the Buddhist practitioner towards the goal of Awakening (bodhi) and Nirvana. Volitionally, faith implies a resolute and courageous act of will. It combines the steadfast resolution
that one will do a thing with the self-confidence that one can do it.
As a counter to any form of "blind faith", the Buddha taught the Kalama Sutra, exhorting
his disciples to investigate any teaching and weigh its merits rather than believing something outright.
- For more, see Faith in Buddhism
Bahá'í Faith
In the Bahá'í Faith a personal faith is viewed as a progressive understanding an
individual goes through to learn the truth for oneself, towards the end that one may learn of God, of oneself, and also develop a
praiseworthy character (not simply by knowing the truth, but by living honorably in relation to it.) Different ways of learning
the truth for oneself are all respected and culminate in a spirit of faith or indwelling spirit by which the Holy
Spirit informs one's belief without recourse to senses, intellect, intuition, scripture, or experience and research. However,
such a state is not considered to be independent of the Revelation of God by which the great Prophets founded the religions, nor
is it meant to act as a sure guide for others.
- See the Role of faith in the Baha'i Faith
Rastafari
Although Rastas claim not to hold belief systems, and instead claims that faith to the Rastafarians implies knowledge of the divinity of Haile Selassie, it still is a belief system not parallel with science. Their faith in
Selassie as God, and as the being who is going to end their sufferings at the day of judgement when they will return to live in
Africa under his rule is at the center of their lives. The dreadlocks are worn as an open declaration of faith in and loyalty towards Haile Selassie, while
marijuana is seen to help cultivate a strong faith by bringing the faithful closer to God.
Rastas have faith when 2 or more of them come together to discuss about their religion that Haile Selassie is with them. Selassie
is seen as both God the Father, who created Heaven and earth, and as God the Son, the Reincarnation of Jesus Christ. To complete
the Holy Trinity the Holy Spirit is seen as being in the believers themselves, and within all human beings. The announcement of
the death of Selassie in 1975 did not disturb the faith of the Rastas, who assumed that
God cannot die, and that therefore the news was false. Rastas also have a faith in physical immortality, both for Haile Selassie
and for themselves.
Criticisms of faith
A certain number of religious rationalists, as well as non-religious people, criticize
implicit faith as being irrational, and see faith as ignorance of reality: a strong belief in something with no evidence. In this
view, belief should be restricted to what is directly supportable by logic or scientific
evidence. Some say that belief in scientific evidence is based on faith in positivism.
Others claim that faith is perfectly compatible with and does not necessarily contradict
reason, "faith" meaning a belief in the existence of a deity. Many Jews, Christians and Muslims claim
that there is adequate historical evidence of their God's existence and interaction with human beings. As such, they may believe
that there is no need for "faith" in God in the sense of belief against or despite evidence; rather, they hold that evidence is
sufficient to demonstrate that their God probably exists or certainly exists.
No historical evidence has managed to convince the entirety of the community of historians
that any one religion is true. For people in this category, "faith" in a God simply means "belief that one has knowledge of [any particular] God[s]". It is logically impossible - according to standard Aristotelian logic -
that all these different religions with their mutually contradictory beliefs can simultaneously be objectively true. Therefore,
most historians with religious beliefs hold others to be "false", or essentially wrong. This is a standard tenet of most
religions as well, though there are exceptions. An example of this is some forms of Hinduism,
which hold the view that the several different faiths are just aspects of the ultimate truth that the several religions have
difficulty describing or understanding. They see the different religions as just different paths to the same goal. This does not
explain away all logical contradictions between faiths but these traditions say that all seeming contradictions will be
understood once a person has an experience of the Hindu concept of moksha.
Some religious believers – and many of their critics – often use the term "faith" as the affirmation of belief without an ongoing test of evidence. In this sense
faith refers to belief beyond evidence or logical arguments, sometimes
called "implicit faith." Another form of this kind of faith is fideism: one ought to believe
that God exists, but one should not base that belief on any other beliefs; one should, instead, accept it without any
reasons at all. "Faith" in this sense, belief for the sake of believing, is often associated with
Søren Kierkegaard's Fear and
Trembling and some other existentialist religious thinkers.
Faith as Religious belief, has been advanced as being
desirable, for example for emotional reasons or to regulate society, and this can be seen as ‘positive’ when it has 'benign’
effects. However, rationalists may become alarmed that faithful activists, perhaps with extreme beliefs, might not be amenable to argument or to negotiation over their
behaviour
Robert Todd Carroll, author of skeptic.com, argues that the word "faith" is
usually used to refer to belief in a proposition that is not supported by a perceived majority of evidence. Since many beliefs
are in propositions that are supported by a perceived majority of evidence, the claim that all beliefs/knowledge are based on
faith is a misconception "or perhaps it is an intentional attempt at disinformation and obscurantism" made by religious
apologists:[10]
"There seems to be something profoundly deceptive and misleading about lumping together as acts of faith such things as belief
in the Virgin birth and belief in the existence of an external world or in the principle of contradiction. Such a view
trivializes religious faith by putting all non-empirical claims in the same category as religious faith. In fact, religious faith
should be put in the same category as belief in superstitions, fairy tales, and delusions of all varieties."
but according to "Ten myths about Christianity" (ISBN 9780945914411), faith is:
"Self-commitment on the basis of evidence"
Notes
- ^ The Catholic
Encyclopedia, Volume IX, Monotheism; William F. Albright, From the Stone Age to
Christianity; H. Richard Niebuhr, ; About.com, Monotheistic Religion
resources; Jonathan Kirsch, God Against the Gods; Linda Woodhead, An Introduction to Christianity;
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Monotheism; The New
Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, monotheism; New Dictionary of
Theology, Paul pp.
496-99;David Vincent Meconi, "Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity" in Journal of Early Christian Studies pp. 111–12
- ^ BBC, BBC - Religion & Ethics -
Christianity
- ^ World Religion Statistics [[1]]
- ^ See Christianity by
country for a detailed list.
- ^ WorthyNews.com, Growth of
Christianity in China; LutherProduction.com, Growth in South Korea; Xhist.com, History of Christianity in Korea
- ^ Robinson, George. Essential Judaism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs,
Customs and Rituals. New York: Pocket Books, 2000. pg 229.
- ^ Acts 3:1;
Acts
5:27–42; Acts 21:18–26; Acts 24:5; Acts 24:14; Acts 28:22;
Romans
1:16; Tacitus, Annales xv 44; Josephus Antiquities xviii 3; Mortimer Chambers, The Western Experience Volume
II chapter 5; The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion page 158.
- ^ J.Z.Smith 98, p.276
- ^ Anidjar 2001, p.3
- ^ Carroll, Robert T. faith (religious). skepdic.com. 2006. http://www.skepdic.com/faith.html (accessed February
20, 2007).
See also
Further reading
- Sam Harris, The End of Faith:
Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason, W. W. Norton (2004), hardcover, 336 pages, ISBN 0-393-03515-8
- Hein, David. "Faith and Doubt in Rose Macaulay's The Towers of Trebizond." Anglican Theological Review
Winter2006, Vol. 88 Issue 1, p47-68.
- Zarlengo, Michael. Pray Like This: God's Secret to Answered Prayer. Dallas, Texas: Michael Zarlengo Publishing,
2005.
- D. Mark Parks, "Faith/Faithfulness" Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Eds. Chad
Brand, Charles Draper, Archie England. Nashville: Holman Publishers, 2003.
Classic reflections on the nature of faith
The Reformation view of faith
Faith in Analysis
http://www.webspawner.com/users/faithnword/index.html
External links
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