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Son Goku

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Wikipedia: Son Goku (Dragon Ball)
 
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"Goku" redirects here. For other uses, see Goku (disambiguation).
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Son (孫).
Son Goku
Dragon Ball character

Son Goku by Akira Toriyama
First appearance Dragon Ball chapter 1
Dragon Ball episode 1
Last appearance Dragon Ball chapter 519
Dragon Ball GT episode 64
Created by Akira Toriyama
Voiced by See Voice actors
Profile
Aliases Zero (Harmony Gold dub)
Gender Male
Date of birth 737 A.D.
Known relatives Bardock (father)
Raditz (brother)
Chi Chi (wife)
Son Gohan (son)
Son Goten (son)
Pan (granddaughter)

Son Goku (孫 悟空 Son Gokū?, addressed only as Goku in most English adaptations) is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Dragon Ball universe created by Akira Toriyama. He first appears in the first chapter Bulma and Son Goku (ブルマと孫悟空 Buruma to Son Gokū?) first published in Weekly Shonen Jump magazine on December 3, 1984.[1] He is loosely based on Sun Wukong, a central character in Journey to the West, however, Toriyama changed some of his characteristics to be more original. Goku is introduced as an odd, monkey-tailed boy who practices martial arts and possesses superhuman strength.[2] As the story unfolds, he is actually revealed to be from a fictional race of extraterrestrials called Saiyans, said to be the strongest warriors within the fictional universe.[3]

Goku starred in most of the films, specials and video games from the Dragon Ball series. Outside of the series, Goku also had cameo appearances in Toriyama's self-parody series Neko Majin Z. He also been the subject of parodies, and has also appeared in various special events and in American pop culture.

Contents

Creation and conception

Toriyama's Goku finds his origins in one of Toriyama's earlier characters named Tanton, a fictional protagonist who appears in a one-shot series called Dragon Boy.[4] In this story, Tanton's odd physical characteristic was a pair of wings. When Toriyama decided to create Dragon Ball, he used author Wu Cheng'en's Journey to the West as inspiration for his own series. The name Toriyama adopted for the character is the Japanese romanization of 孫悟空 (Sun Wukong), who is the central character in Journey to the West. To be creative with the character, Toriyama stated that he designed Goku not as a monkey like the Journey to the West character, but as a human-looking boy with a monkey tail. As his reasoning was, if he were hiding behind something his tail would be visible.[4] Though Goku is treated as a person from another planet, Toriyama initially had the idea to give him the identity of person from Earth, but with the introduction of adding fighters from other planets it was established that Goku is a Saiyan. In order to advance the story faster, Toriyama made Goku learn to teletransport to allow the characters to move to any planet in just a second.[5]

Toriyama explained that Goku's gi uniform is modeled after the robes worn by the Shaolin monks of China, being that he wanted Dragon Ball to take on a Chinese feel.[6] During early developments of the manga, various readers commented that Goku was rather plain, so the author changed his appearance and added several characters like Master Roshi and Krillin, then created martial arts tournaments to give the manga a more fighting style. Since it was commented that Goku would surely win the tournaments, he made him lose in the first two tournaments though he also wanted Goku to be the champion. With the ending of the Cell arc, Son Gohan was meant to replace his father as the main protagonist; Toriyama thought that Gohan was unsuitable for that part so he avoided doing that.[4]

Appearance

Goku is usually recognized by his uniquely styled hair, which never changes its length throughout the series except when in his Super Saiyan forms, in which his hair changes color and length based on the level he ascends to. This is explained by Vegeta to be a common characteristic of full-blooded Saiyans.[7] Due to his devotion to Earth, Goku prefers dressing in a gi uniform, and has refused offers to adorn the Saiyan battle armor, being that he considers himself an Earthling.[8] However, he is seen donning a Saiyan battle armour designed by Bulma, during the time he trains with Gohan in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber at Kami's Palace, prior to the Cell Games.[9] In his early childhood, Goku was first introduced in a blue outfit with red wristbands and a white belt he kept tied in a bow.[1] After his training with Roshi, Goku would receive his trademark orange outfit, blue wristbands, and a belt. During his training with Kami-sama he would receive his equaly trademark striped boots and blue shirt which he would wear under his orange top. Later on, Goku would begin wearing a matching blue obi in place of his simple belt.[10] He is often seen to wear the in circled kanji of his training masters on the front and back his uniform; the first kanji being Master Roshi's, "kame" (亀?, meaning "turtle"),[11] the second kanji being King Kai's, "kaio" (界王?, meaning "world king")[12] and the third being his own kanji "Go" (悟?, meaning "wisdom" or "enlightenment").[13] Eventually he stops wearing a kanji.[10] By the end of the manga Goku would begin wearing a new outfit made up blue slip-over top, gray pants and orange wristbands and shin ribbons.[14] By the Dragon Ball GT series Goku's appearance was revamped featuring him with a fold over top, yellow pants, pink wristbands, white shin ribbons, and a bronze complexion.[15]

Abilities

Through constant training, Goku has achieved many abilities; aside from his great strength, he also possesses super speed,[16] reflexes and energy blasts by using chi. As a child Goku originally wielded the Nyoi-bō (如意棒 lit. "Mind Stick"?, renamed "Power pole" in the English dub), a magic staff that extends and retracts on command which was given to him by his grandfather Gohan.[1] He also learns, through simple observation, Master Roshi's technique the Kamehameha (かめはめ波?, lit. "Turtle Striking Wave"),[17] which then becomes his signature move. Another technique of his is an attack that multiplies the user's chi for an instant, called the Kaiō-ken (界王拳?, lit. "World King Fist"), taught to him by King Kai.[18] Originally Goku's main means of conveyance was on a magic cloud called Kinto-un (筋斗雲 lit. "Candy Cloud", renamed "Flying Nimbus" in the English dub?), which was given to him as a child by Master Roshi for saving Turtle.[19] After his training with Kami he learns to fly through the technique buku-jutsu (舞空術?, lit. "Air Dance Technique") and uses the cloud less and less as the series progresses.

Goku in his regular state and Super Saiyan transformations.

Goku's most powerful attack is the Genki Dama (元気玉?, lit. "Good Spirit Ball", renamed "Spirit Bomb" in the English dub), a powerful sphere created by gathering chi energy from surrounding life forms, which he also learned from King Kai.[12] Goku also learns a teleportation skill called Shunkan Idō (瞬間移動?, lit. "Instant Movement", renamed "Instant Transmission" in the English dub), which he learned from the inhabitants of a fictional planet called Yardrat.[20]

Goku is also the only Saiyan in the series to achieve all the Saiyan transformations seen in the manga. During the events of Dragon Ball Z, Goku becomes the first Super Saiyan in a millennium after being overcome with rage by the murder of Krillin by the hand of Frieza[21] and as the series progresses he achieves every single advanced level of Super Saiyan. Each transformation changes Goku's appearance and enhances his abilities.

In Dragon Ball, he is able to transform into a gigantic ape called an Oozaru,[22] albeit after his tail is removed by Kami, he loses the capacity to achieve this form.[23] However, in Dragon Ball GT, Goku is able to use this transformation again after regrowing his tail using the Elder Kai's help.[24]

Goku can also fuse with Vegeta and create a warrior who has the combined power and skills of both. One method is by using the Potara Earrings presented to Goku by the Elder Kai, which results in a 'perfect fusion', creating Vegito.[25] The other method is by performing the Metamorese Fusion Dance, which creates Gogeta.[26]

Plot overview

Originally named Kakarotto (カカロット Kakarotto?, addressed as Kakarot in the English anime and spelled Kakarrot in the English manga),[27][28] Goku is born a member of a fictional race of extraterrestrials called Saiyans. Shortly following his birth, Goku is sent from his home, a fictional planet named Vegeta, to prepare Earth for sale on the intergalactic market by destroying all its life.[29] Due to an injury to his head that caused him severe amnesia, Goku forgets his purpose, and instead focuses on becoming stronger for little more than the pleasure of it.[29] In the beginning of the series, Goku meets a highly intelligent 16-year-old teenage girl named Bulma, the desert bandit Yamcha, and two shapeshifters named Oolong and Puar. He also encounters one of his closest friends, Krillin, and others during his training. Participating in various martial arts tournaments, Goku also battles foes-turned-allies such as Tien Shinhan and Chiaotzu, as well as Piccolo Daimao's offspring of the same name.

During his early adulthood, Goku meets his older brother, Raditz, an encounter that results in his death. Following the wish for his revival from the Dragon Balls, Goku continues to face other enemies thereafter linked to his heritage, such as Vegeta and Frieza, whose actions force him to transform into a Super Saiyan. As the series continues, the focus on Goku's past is shifted away from as new enemies are introduced as threats to the fictional universe. After his encounter with Frieza, Goku trains his first child, Gohan, to be his successor. When the androids appear, Goku contracts the heart virus that Future Trunks warned him about. Later on Goku sacrifices himself during the battle against the evil android Cell, leaving Gohan to succeed him. Goku returns to Earth seven years later from the afterlife and meets his second child, Son Goten. Shortly after he participates in the next martial arts tournament, however he is drawn into a battle for the universe against an extraterrestrial named Majin Buu. Goku also battles Vegeta after he is taken under control by Babidi, and the match ends in a draw. Goku then later on kills Buu with his Genki Dama technique. During the martial arts tournament held ten years after Buu's defeat, Goku meets Buu's human reincarnation, Uub, and takes off with him in the end of the story, intending to train him as his successor.

Ten years later, Goku is transformed back into a child with a wish made by Emperor Pilaf using the Black Star Dragon Balls. Shortly after he, Trunks, and Pan all take a trip around the universe to locate the Black Star Dragon Balls and return them to Earth. Goku later battles the evil Baby, Super Android 17 and the evil shadow dragons. His final challenge is against Omega Shenron, who he eventually kills using the Genki Dama. Goku leaves with the original form of Shenron, only to appear 100 years later at the next martial arts tournament as an adult once more, where he is observing the battle between his descendant (Son Goku Jr.) and Vegeta's descendant (Vegeta Jr.). Goku's granddaughter Pan spots him, but he quickly departs.

Voice actors

In the Japanese anime developed by Toei Animation, Goku is voiced by Masako Nozawa.[citation needed] In various dubs of the anime, the voice acting for Goku and many other characters have changed as a result of the series changing dubbing studios and requiring recasting.

In the Harmony Gold dub, Goku was voiced by Barbara Goodson, and he was named Zero.[citation needed] In the BLT Productions dub, Saffron Henderson[citation needed] voiced Goku in the Saga of Goku and the movie Curse of the Blood Rubies. In the Ocean Group dub, Ian James Corlett voiced Goku in the Saiyan Saga and an edited TV version of the movie The Tree of Might,[citation needed] while Peter Kelamis voiced Goku in the Namek Saga as well as in the uncut VHS/DVD editions of the movies Dead Zone, The World's Strongest and The Tree of Might.[30]

In the Funimation dub, Ceyli Delgadillo voiced Goku in the movies Sleeping Princess in Devil's Castle and Mystical Adventure,[citation needed] while Stephanie Nadolny voiced the child version of Goku in all episodes of Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball GT,[citation needed] and Sean Schemmel voiced the adult version of Goku in all episodes and movies of Dragon Ball Z.[citation needed]

In the Blue Water dub, Peter Kelamis voiced Goku in the Trunks Saga through the Androids Saga, while Kirby Morrow voiced him in the Imperfect Cell Saga through the Kid Buu Saga.[citation needed] Zoe Slusar voiced him in his childhood appearances,[citation needed] Jeffrey Watson voiced him as an adult in Dragon Ball[citation needed] and Jeremiah Yurk provided his adult voice in Dragon Ball GT.[citation needed] In the English edition of the video game Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout, Goku is voiced by Brianne Siddall[citation needed] as a child and Steven Jay Blum[citation needed] as an adult.

Appearances in other media

Film

Goku has made several appearances in other media including, but not limited to, an unofficial Chinese live-action film based on Curse of the Blood Rubies.[citation needed] The movie was produced by Tai Seng video entertainment in 1989 and the main character, Monkey Boy, played by Chen Zi Qiang, is based on Goku.[citation needed] He is also featured in a unofficial Korean live-action film where he was portrayed by child actor Heo Seong-Tae. Goku also appears in the 2009 20th Century Fox feature Dragonball Evolution where he is portrayed by actor Justin Chatwin.[31]

Video games

In video games, Goku has appeared in virtually every Dragon Ball licensed electronic game to date. He has also been featured in various crossover games. He appeared the Famicom games Famicom Jump: Hero Retsuden and Famicon Jump II: Saikyō no Shichinin, including the Nintendo DS games Jump Super Stars and Jump Ultimate Stars. In 1992, Goku would be featured in the interactive Videkko game Dragon Ball Z: Get Together! Goku World.[32] Here Goku and gang would travel back in time to review events in the Dragon Ball timeline. Even interacting with his younger self. In 2006, he is featured in the Dragon Ball Z/One Piece/Naruto crossover game Battle Stadium D.O.N. In December 2007, Goku, along with Naruto Uzumaki and Monkey D. Luffy, would make guest appearances in avatar form in the MMORPG Second Life for a Jump Festa promotion titled Jumpland@Second Life.[33] Goku makes an appearance in Dr. Slump and Arale-chan video game for the Nintendo DS.[34]

Music

Over the years Goku has been featured and mentioned in various songs. "Son Goku Song"[35] and "Gokū no Gokigen Jānī"[36] feature Goku as a child singing happily about himself. During his adult years the song "Aitsu wa Son Gokū" by Hironobu Kageyama, where Kageyama praises everything about Goku,[37] and the duet "Ore-tachi no Energy"[38] feature spoken words by the character.

Education

Goku has often been deemed a positive role model for children throughout Japan. In June 1988, Goku and other Dragon Ball characters were featured in two PSA shorts. The first short was entitled The Goku Traffic Safety (悟空の交通安全 Gokū no Kōtsū Anzen?) where Goku is taught the importance of obeying traffic safety by others.[39] The second was called The Goku Fire Fighting Regiment (悟空の消防隊 Gokū no Shōbō-tai?) where he teaches two children the importance of fire safety.[39]

Guest appearances

Goku's appearance on Yamada Katsute-nai Wink.

Goku has made guest appearances in various Japanese television shows and manga. He is a recurring character in another series by Toriyama, Dr. Slump. In 1990, Goku (in anime form) made a surprise appearance on Yamada Katsute-nai Wink (やまだかつてないWink?). Here he uses the Dragon Balls to help J-Pop star and hostess Kuniko Yamada gain his abilities including the ability to execute a Kamehameha, which she playfully uses on him. In 2005, Goku appears in the Toriyama parody manga Neko Majin Z where he is the sensei of the main character Z.[40] On September 15, 2006, Goku, Vegeta, and Frieza would make a guest appearance in a chapter of the Kochikame manga Super Kochikame entitled Kochira Namek-Sei Dragon Kōen-mae Hashutsujo (こちらナメック星ドラゴン公園前派出所?). Here Ryotsu Kankichi travels to Namek and issues Frieza a citation for parking his ship illegally.[41] Goku with the other Dragon Ball characters would teamup with the cast of One Piece in a crossover manga titled Cross Epoch.[42]

Parodies

Goku has often been the subject of various parodies over the years. In the episode Career Day of Takeshi's Castle, known in the United States as MXC, the hosts Beat Takeshi and Sonomanma Higashi were dressed as popular anime characters one was Kid Goku and the other was Doraemon. In the MXC dub of that episode, when asked about his Goku costume, the host replied "Who me, I'm dressed as a crackhead".[43] The Shonen Jump's Gag Special 2005 issue released on November 12, 2004, featured a Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo one-shot Dragon Ball parody manga. The manga was a humorous retelling of the battle between Goku and Vegeta in the Saiyan Saga. Jelly Jiggler was Goku and Don Patch was Vegeta.[44] In the episode Fire It Up! Abenobashi Hong Kong Combat Shopping Arcade of the Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi anime, character Sasshi Imamiya goes Super Saiyan much like Goku and fires a Kamehameha.[45] In the episode of the series Yakitate!! Japan titled Awaken!! Super Kuroyanagi! character Ryou Kuroyanagi eats some Super Toro Aburi bread causing him to transform into Super Kuroyanagi like Goku and a non-sequitur to take place where he fights character Kyousuke Kawachi as Frieza whose torso is in the form of a refrigerator freezer. Kuroyanagi would finish Kawachi with a parody of the Kamehameha. Later in the episode after eatting some Urchin-roe Chawanmushi bread, Kuroyanagi assends to Super Kuroyanagi 2 and Super Kuroyanagi 3.[46] In chapter #179 of the Yakitate!! Japan manga Kawachi would execute a Genki Dama parody called a Shinrai Dama (信頼玉 lit. "Trust Ball"?) on the character Katsuo.[47] For the release of single to the Dragonball Evolution international theme song "Rule" Toriyama suplied CD artwork of singer Ayumi Hamasaki dressed as Goku.[48]

Special events

Goku can also be considered a regular commodity for Fuji TV. In 2003 Goku would appear in the interactive feature entitled Kyutai Panic Adventure! (球体パニックアドベンチャー! Kyūtai Panikku Adobenchā!?, Orb Panic Adventure!) which was featured exclusively at the Fuji TV headquarters in the Kyutai or orb section. This features teamups of Goku, Luffy, and Astro Boy. Here Frieza attacks the visiting tourist by blasting the orb section free it from the rest of the Fuji TV building. Thus prompting Goku to do battle with Frieza over the real life aqua city of Odaiba.[49][50] This would be followed up with 2004's Kyūtai Panic Adventure Returns! (球体パニックアドベンチャーリターンズ! Kyūtai Panikku Adobenchā Ritānzu!?, Orb Panic Adventure Returns!), and features team-ups with Goku, Luffy, and Kochikame's Ryotsu Kankichi. This time One Piece villain Enel appears and attacks not only the orb section but also Odaiba. Forcing Goku to do battle with Enel, an tag-team with Luffy.[51]

On March 25, 2006 Goku and Frieza would both appear in an original animated short in the IQ Mirror Mistake 7 (ＩＱミラーまちがい７ Aikyū Mirā Machigai Nana?) segment of the Japanese games show IQ Supplement (IQサプリ IQ Sapuri, or IQ Supli?). In the short, Goku stops Frieza from using the Namekian Dragon Balls. For the segment, contestants had to identify seven mistakes within the footage.[52]

Goku's appearance as a commentator at the 2007 Nippon Ijin Taishō.

On April 7, 2007, Goku and Fuji TV announcer Masaharu Miyake would be commentators to the anime segment in Nippon Ijin Taishō (日本偉人大賞 Japan Great Man Awards?) titled Saikyō no Ijin ha Dare? (最強の偉人は誰？ Who is the Strongest Hero??). The segment featured a special tournament that was to decide who was the greatest person in Japanese history. During the intermission, Goku managed to plugged the then soon be released copies of the R2 Dragon Ball DVDs.[53]

American pop culture

Since his appearance in the United States in 1996, Goku has also struck a cord in American pop culture. He was featured in an issue of Wizard magazine which he was matched up in a hypothetical battle against Superman; Goku defeated Superman by transforming into a Super Saiyan and overpowering him with the Kamehameha.[54] The episode Chicken Ball Z from The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy is a parody of Dragon Ball Z. Mandy shares a striking resemblance to Super Saiyan Goku in this episode.[55] In the Codename: Kids Next Door episode Operation: R.E.P.O.R.T, Numbuh Four's version of the story is a spoof of the Goku and Frieza battle from Dragon Ball Z. Goku's Super Saiyan 3 form is also parodied.[56] Goku made a spoof appearance in Seth Green's Emmy Award winning stop motion series Robot Chicken. In the sketch entitled A Very Dragon Ball Z Christmas, Goku and Gohan fight an evil Mrs. Claus alongside Santa's reindeer, in an attempt to save Christmas.[57] The SNL sketch TV Funhouse titled Kobayashi. Which depicts real life hot dog eating champion Takeru Kobayashi with ability to transform into a Super Saiyan parody like Goku as he prepares to eat hot dogs. Goku even make a brief cameo near the end.[58]

Reception

Goku's character was well received by publications for manga, anime and other media. Anime News Network noted Goku to be a good part of the comedy of the series and remarked that after all events that happen to him he is still the same naive character.[59] THEM Anime Reviews noted him to be Goku is not the omnipowerful one in the first series unlike Dragon Ball Z, nor does he randomly disappear for long stretches of time between sagas. They also liked how the series tell all his adventures making him a good main character.[60] Rationalmagic.com praised Goku's innocence as one of the funniest parts of the series.[61] His journey and ever growing strength resulted in the character winning "the admiration of young boys everywhere".[62]

Several pieces of merchandising based on Goku has also been released including action figures,[63][64] plushes,[65][66] and keychains.[67] In 2005, The Daily Reader printed an article entitled "The Greatest Geek Movie Heroes of All Time". Goku is the only animated character on the list, coming in nine places after the winner.[68] Other manga artists, such as Naruto creator Masashi Kishimoto and One Piece creator Eiichiro Oda, have stated that Goku inspired their series' main protagonists.[69][70] In 2000, Goku placed third in an Animax poll of favorite anime characters.[71] In a survey conducted by Oricon in 2007 between 1,000 people, Goku ranked first place as the "Strongest Manga character of all time."[72] In the survey "friendship" developed by rankingjapan.com in which people had to choose what anime character they would like to have as a friend, Goku ranked fifth.[73] Masako Nozawa, the Japanese voice actor of Goku, has commented she liked when he lost his tail because that made him more normal but liked that the character was still the same in the end of the series.[74] Jackie Chan has gone on record stating that Goku is his favorite Dragon Ball character.[75]

The German rock band Son Goku takes their name from Goku. The band front man Thomas D specifically chose the name as Goku embodies the band's philosophy. Stating he was "fascinated by Goku's naïveté and cheerfulness, yet, at the same time, a great warrior saving the world".[76]

References

  1. ^ a b c Toriyama, Akira (w, p, i). "ブルマと孫悟空" Weekly Shonen Jump 17 (51): 2 (December 3, 1984), Japan: Shueisha
  2. ^ Toriyama, Akira (September 15, 1985). "1 ブルマと孫悟空" (in Japanese). 孫悟空と仲間たち. Dragon Ball. 1. Shueisha. ISBN 1-56931-920-0. 
  3. ^ Toriyama, Akira (May 15, 1989). "197 孫悟空の過去！！" (in Japanese). かつてない恐怖. Dragon Ball. 17. Shueisha. ISBN 1-56931-930-8. 
  4. ^ a b c Toriyama, Akira (August 9, 1995). "Before Dragon Ball Pt. 1" (in Japanese). ＤＲＡＧＯＮ ＢＡＬＬ 大全集 ➋「ＳＴＯＲＹ ＧＵＩＤＥ」. Dragon Ball. Shueisha. pp. 46. ISBN 4-08-782752-6. 
  5. ^ Toriyama, Akira (October 9, 1995). "鳥山明的超会見 第４回". ＤＲＡＧＯＮ　ＢＡＬＬ 大全集 ➍ 「ＷＯＲＬＤ ＧＵＩＤＥ」. Shueisha. pp. 164-168. ISBN 4-08-782754-2. 
  6. ^ Toriyama, Akira (June 25, 1995). "鳥山明的超会見 第１回". ＤＲＡＧＯＮ ＢＡＬＬ 大全集 ➊ 「ＣＯＭＰＬＥＴＥ ＩＬＬＵＳＴＲＡＴＩＯＮＳ」. Shueisha. p. 202-206. ISBN 4-08-782754-2. 
  7. ^ Toriyama, Akira (October 7, 1992). "375 ベジータ、トランクス発進！！" (in Japanese). セルの完全体　完成！！. Dragon Ball. 32. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851687-7. 
  8. ^ Toriyama, Akira (May 15, 1989). "390 悟空と悟飯外へ" (in Japanese). セルゲーム始まる. Dragon Ball. 17. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851688-5. 
  9. ^ "全てオレが片付ける！！新生ベジータ親子出現". Dragon Ball Z (Fuji TV). August 26, 1992. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List+of+Dragon+Ball+Z+episodes. 
  10. ^ a b Toriyama, Akira (November 15, 1991). "337 集う超戦士たち" (in Japanese). 未来から来た少年. Dragon Ball. 28. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851418-1. 
  11. ^ "Chinese Characters: Turtle". About.com. http://chineseculture.about.com/library/extra/character/blsc_turtle.htm. Retrieved on June 24, 2007. 
  12. ^ a b Toriyama, Akira (July 15, 1989). "211 界王さまと、がんばる死人孫悟空！" (in Japanese). 孫悟空とピッコロ大魔王. Dragon Ball. 18. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851615-X. 
  13. ^ Toriyama, Akira (January 15, 1991). "279 不思議な孫悟空" (in Japanese). 悟空か！？ギニューか！？. Dragon Ball. 24. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851414-9. 
  14. ^ Toriyama, Akira. "418 そして１０年後" (in Japanese). バイバイ ドラゴンワールド. Dragon Ball. 42. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851090-9. 
  15. ^ Jump Comics (1997) (in Japanese). Dragon Ball GT: Perfect File 1. Dragon Ball. Shueisha. p. 6. ISBN 4-08-874089-0. 
  16. ^ Toriyama, Akira (February 11, 1988). "127 クリリンの大作戦" (in Japanese). 天下一のスーパーバトル！！. Dragon Ball. 11. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851608-7. 
  17. ^ Toriyama, Akira (January 15, 1986). "13 亀仙人のかめはめ波！！" (in Japanese). ドラゴンボール危機一髪. Dragon Ball. 2. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851832-2. 
  18. ^ Toriyama, Akira (November 15, 1989). "224 孫悟空の静かな怒り" (in Japanese). いそげ！孫悟空. Dragon Ball. 19. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851616-8. 
  19. ^ Toriyama, Akira (September 15, 1985). "4 亀仙人の筋斗雲" (in Japanese). 孫悟空と仲間たち. Dragon Ball. 1. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851831-4. 
  20. ^ Toriyama, Akira (November 15, 1991). "336 ３年後の賭け" (in Japanese). 未来から来た少年. Dragon Ball. 28. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851418-1. 
  21. ^ Toriyama, Akira (August 12, 1991). "318 伝説の超サイヤ人" (in Japanese). 伝説の超サイヤ人. Dragon Ball. 27. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851417-3. 
  22. ^ Toriyama, Akira (January 15, 1986). "22 悟空の大変身" (in Japanese). ドラゴンボール危機一髪. Dragon Ball. 2. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851832-2. 
  23. ^ Toriyama, Akira. "166 それぞれの再会" (in Japanese). さらなる飛躍. Dragon Ball. 14. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851611-7. 
  24. ^ "くらえベビー！新生ウーブ必殺光線！！". Dragon Ball GT (Fuji TV). January 15, 1997. 
  25. ^ Toriyama, Akira. "503 孫悟空最後の合体！！" (in Japanese). バイバイ ドラゴンワールド. Dragon Ball. 26. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851090-9. 
  26. ^ Dragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn uncut movie, (1995), notes from: Liner notes. (English) Funimation, Texas:1-4210-0705-3, (2006).
  27. ^ Toriyama, Akira (May 15, 1989). "195-204" (in Japanese). かつてない恐怖. Dragon Ball. 17. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-851614-1. 
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