Ḥakīm and Ḥākim are two Arabic titles (also borrowed from Arabic into various eastern languages), derived from the same triliteral ḤKM "appoint, choose, judge".
حكيم Hakīm
It means wise man or physician (notably unani doctors), usually practictioners of herbal medicine.
- Furthermore, al-Ḥakīm "the Wise" is one of the 99 names of Allah.
حاكم Hākim
It means a ruler, governor or judge. Furthermore, like many titles, it also occurs as part of the name of many individuals.
In Arab countries
- In Lebanon, the full title of the Emirs under Ottoman (and a while Egyptian) sovereignty was al-Amir al-Hakim 1516-1842
- In three future Gulf emirates, the first monarchic style was hakim:
- since 1783 when the conquering Al Khalifah lineage settles on Bahrain to 16 August 1971, its style was Hakim al-Bahrayn "Ruler of Bahrain", then Amir ad-Dawlat al-Bahrayn "Emir of the State of Bahrain", since 14 February 2002 Malik al-Bahrayn (King of Bahrain)
- in Kuwait, since its 1752 founding, the ruling Al Sabah dynasty's style was Hakim al-Kuwayt "Ruler of Kuwait" (from 1871 also Kaymakam, i.e. district administrator, while recognizing the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire (as kazan [district] of Baghdad [from 1875 Basra] vilayet (seats of the governors, styled Wali, in Iraq], till 3 November 1914, then under British protectorate) till the 19 June 1961 independence, after that (still) Amir ad-Dawlat al-Kuwayt "Emir of the State of Kuwait";
- since on Muhammad ibn Thani's 12 September 1868 treaty with the British, effectively establishing Qatar (previously considered to be a dependency of Bahrain) as an independent State (limited to Doha and Wakrah, only later expanded to the entire peninsula), his al-Thani dynasty's style was Hakim Qatar "Ruler of Qatar" (from 1871 also Kaymakam, i.e. Ottoman district administrator, cfr. above, till 3 November 1916, thereafter under British protectorate), since the 3 September 1971 independence from Britain Amir Dawlat Qatar "Emir of the State of Qatar".
- In Libya: Hakim was the 1946 - 12 February 1950 style of the "ruler" of the former sultanate of Fezzan during the UN administration (in practice by France, with its own concurrent military governor); the only incumbent, Ahmad Sayf an-Nasr (b. c.1876 - d. 1954), stayed on as regional Wali (governor; in French Chef du territoire "head of the territory") in the united Libyan kingdom until 24 December 1951, with a French Resident at his side, and then, without such French shadow, as first royal governor (until 1954)
- In Yemen: till 1902 (changed to Sultan) the rulers of the Quaiti State of Shir and Mukalla, ash-Shihr Wa´l Mukalla, as before the 10 November 1881 merger with the Naqib of Mukalla's state it has been the princely style of ash-Shihr since independence from the Ottomans in 1866
Elsewhere
- In Indonesia hakim denotes a judge
- In Nepal, a Bada Hakim was in charge of a district of the realm
- In Turkey hakim denotes a judge and hekim denotes a physician
- Formerly in imperial
Persia - In Pakistan and India Hakim or Hakeem denotes a herbal medicine practitioner, specially of Unani medicine.
Furthermore
As many titles, the word also occurs in many personal names, without any noble or political significance.
See also
Sources and references
- WorldStatesmen here Libya- look up every present country mentioned
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