Herat

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009)

Coordinates: 34°20′31″N 62°12′11″E / 34.342°N 62.203°E / 34.342; 62.203

Herāt هرات
The Friday Mosque of Herat
Herāt
Province	Herāt
Coordinates	34°20′31″N 62°12′11″E / 34.342°N 62.203°E / 34.342; 62.203
Population  (2006[update])	349,000 (2nd) Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan
Area  - Elevation	920 m (3,018 ft)
Time zone	UTC+4:30 Kabul

Herāt (Persian: هرات), classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan. Situated in a fertile area, Herāt was traditionally known for its wine. It is the second largest city in Afghanistan, with a population of 349,000 (2006 official estimate). Persian-speaking Tajiks (or Fārsīwān) are the main inhabitants of the city and the province, and are roughly the same as the Persians of Eastern Iran.^[1][2]

Herāt is an ancient city with many historic buildings, although these have suffered damage in various military conflicts during the last few decades. The city is dominated by the remains of a citadel constructed by Alexander the Great. During the Middle Ages Herāt became one of the important cities of Khorasan, and it was known as the Pearl of Khorasan.

Herāt is situated favorably on the ancient and historic trade routes of the Middle East, South Asia, Pakistan, China, India and Europe. The roads from Herāt to Iran, Turkmenistan, Mazar-e Sharif and Kandahar are still strategically important. These roads are being rebuilt by the Afghan government with international aid. ^[3]

History

During the period of the Median Empire (about 600 BCE), Herāt was recognized as Aria and was an important part of several Persian Empires.

Achaemenid Empire

Herāt dates back to ancient times, but its exact age remains unknown. In Achaemenid times (ca. 550-330 BCE), the surrounding district was known as Haraiva (in Old Persian), and in classical sources the region was correspondingly known as Aria (Areia). In the Zoroastrian Avesta, the district is mentioned as Haroiva. The name of the district and its main town is derived from that of the chief river of the region, the Hari River (Old Iranian Harayu, "with velocity"), which traverses the district and passes some 5 km (3.1 mi) south of modern Herāt. The naming of a region and its principal town after the main river is a common feature in this part of the world—compare the adjoining districts/rivers/towns of Arachosia and Bactria.

The district Aria of Persian Achaemenid Empire is mentioned in the provincial lists that are included in various royal inscriptions, for instance, in the Behistun inscription of Darius I (ca. 520 BCE).^[4] Representatives from the district are depicted in reliefs, e.g., at the royal Achaemenid tombs of Naqsh-e Rustam and Persepolis.

Herodotus described Herāt as the bread-basket of Central Asia. At the time of Alexander the Great, Aria was obviously an important district. It was administered by a satrap called Satibarzanes, who was one of the three main Persian officials in the East of the Empire, together with the satrap Bessus of Bactria and Barsaentes of Arachosia. In late 330 BCE, Alexander the Great captured the Arian capital that was called Artacoana. The town was rebuilt and the citadel was constructed. It became part of the Seleucid Empire but was captured by others on various occasions and became part of the Parthian Empire in 167 BCE.

Sasanian era

In the Sasanian period (226-652 CE), Harēv is listed in an inscription on the Ka'ba-i Zartosht at Naqsh-e Rustam; and Hariy is mentioned in the Pahlavi catalogue of the provincial capitals of the empire. In around 430 CE, the town is also listed as having a Christian community, with a Nestorian bishop.

In the last two centuries of Sasanian rule, Aria (Herāt) had great strategic importance in the endless wars between the Sasanians, the Chionites and the Hephthalites who had been settled in modern northern Afghanistan since the late fourth century.

Islamic conquest

Ruins of the Musalla complex's minarets.

The city of Herāt became well known with the advent of the Arabs in the middle of the seventh century. When the Arab armies appeared in Khorasan in the 650s, Herāt was counted among the twelve capital towns of the Sasanian Empire. Herāt was taken in 652 CE by General Abdul Rehman ibn Samrah. Around 786-809 CE, Herāt was part of the Abbasid Caliphate, later, it was ruled by the Tahirid dynasty, and after 867-869 CE, the Saffarid dynasty took control.

Samanid era

Herāt was under the rule of King Nuh II of Samanid^[5]—the seventh of the Samanid line—at the time of Sebük Tigin and his older son, Mahmud of Ghazni.

The governor of Herāt was a powerful noble by the name of Faik^{[citation needed]} , who governed on behalf of Nuh II. Faik was a powerful, but insubordinate governor of Nuh II; and had been punished by Nuh II. Faik made overtures to Bogra Khan and Ughar Khan of Turkestan. Bogra Khan answered Faik's call, came to Herāt and became its master. The Samanids fled, betrayed at the hands of Faik to whom the defence of Herāt had been entrusted by Nuh II.

Mahmud of Ghazni captures Herāt

In 994, Nuh II invited Alp Tigin to come to his aid. Alp Tigin, along with Mahmud of Ghazni, defeated Faik and annexed Herāt, Nishapur and Tous. ^[6]

Seljuk rule

Before 1040, Herāt was ruled by the Ghaznavids. In 1040, it was captured by the Seljuk Empire. Yet, in 1175, it was captured by the Ghorids and then came under the Khawarazm Empire. In this period Herāt became an important center for the production of metal goods, especially in bronze, often decorated with elaborate inlays in precious metals.

Mongol invasion

In 1221, Herāt was captured by the Mongols and later destroyed by Genghis Khan. In 1245, it was given to the Kart Maliks.

Around 1381, city was destroyed again by Timur. Under his son Shah Rukh Herāt was rebuilt and became an important center under the Timurid Empire. In the late 1400s, the Musallah complex, with many minarets, was built under the rule of Queen Gawharshad. Her tomb complex is considered one of the great monuments of Timurid architectural carving.

The Black Sheep Turkomans (Qara Qoyunlu) at one point established their capital in Herāt during the fifteenth century^[7], and in 1506 it was captured by the Uzbeks. Only few years later the city was taken back by Shah Ismail Safavi, to become part of a new Safavid Persian Empire.

Modern history

Flag of Herāt 1930

From 1718 until 1863, there were various battles fought between the natives of the city and the Afghans until the city became part of present-day Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Durrani took possession of Herāt in 1750, which became part of the Durrani Empire after almost a year of siege and bloody conflict. In 1824, the city became effectively independent when the country was split in three to resolve a succession struggle. The city was taken back by the Persians in 1852 and again in 1856; both times the British helped to reverse the attempt, the second time through the Anglo-Persian War. The city was taken by Dost Mohammed Khan in 1863, making it part of a broader "Afghan state".

Most of the Musallah complex in Herat was cleared in 1885 by the British army to get a good line of sight for their artillery against Russian invaders who never came. This was but one small sidetrack in the Great Game, a century-long conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire in 19th century.

During the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Herāt was used by the Soviets. Even before the Soviet invasion at the end of 1979, there was a substantial presence of Soviet advisors in the city with their families. From 10 to 20 March 1979 the army in Herāt under the control of Ismail Khan mutinied, and some 35 Soviet citizens were killed. The Afghan Air Force, aided by the Red Army, bombed the city, causing massive destruction and some 24,000 civilian deaths. City itself was recaptured with tanks and airborne forces.

The Herāt monument "Struggle" ('Jihad'; جهاد)

Ismail Khan became the leading Mujahedin commander in Herāt. After the departure of the Soviets, he became governor of Herāt. In September 1995 the city was captured by the Taliban, forcing Ismail Khan to flee. However, after the United States' invasion of Afghanistan, on November 12, 2001, it was liberated from the Taliban by the Northern Alliance and Ismail Khan returned to power (see Battle of Herat). In 2004, Mirwais Sadiq, Aviation Minister of Afghanistan and the son of Ismail Khan, was ambushed and killed in Herāt. More than 200 people were arrested under suspicion of involvement.^[8]

Herāt is presently a part of Afghanistan's new central government, led by Hamid Karzai, who was initially backed by the United States. There are also NATO peacekeeping forces present in and around the city providing security and led by Italy.

By 2009, Iran invested funds into Herāt. As a result, Herāt now enjoys 24-hour electricity, well-paved roads, and a higher sense of security than other Afghan cities. Some locals jokingly called Herāt the "Dubai of Afghanistan."^[9]

Climate

Although Herāt is approximately 240 m (790 ft) lower than Kandahar, the summer climate is more temperate, and the climate throughout the year is far from disagreeable. From May to September, the wind blows from the northwest with great force.

The winter is tolerably mild; snow melts as it falls, and even on the mountains does not lie long. Three years out of four it does not freeze hard enough for the people to store ice. The eastern reaches of the Hari River, including the rapids, are frozen hard in the winter, and people travel on it as on a road.

Transport

Air

• Herāt Airport

Rail

In 2007, Iran and Afghanistan finalized an agreement for the establishment of a rail service between the two countries. Construction of the 191 km (119 mi) railway, from Khaf in Iran to Herāt, is in progress on the Iranian side of the border ^[10]. There is also the prospect of an extension across Afghanistan to Sher Khan Bandar. See railway stations in Afghanistan.

Tourism and sightseeing

Herāt mosque classical minaret

Herāt City Mosque District

Herāt City Old Fort

Goharshād's tomb

Friday Mosque

• City Districts
  • Shahr-e New (Downtown)
  • Welayat (Office of the governor)
  • Qol-ordue (Army's HQ)
  • Farqa (Army's HQ)
  • Darwaze Khosh
  • Chaharsu
  • Pul-e rangine
  • Sufi-abad
  • New-abad
  • Pul-e malaan
  • Thakhte Safar
  • Howz-e-Karbas
  • Baramaan
  • Darwaze-ye Qandahar
  • Darwaze-ye Iraq
  • Darwaze Az Kordestan

• Hotels
  • Serena Hotel (coming soon)
  • Diamond Hotel
  • Marcopolo Hotel

• Monuments
  • Citadel of Alexander
  • Mosallah Complex
  • Herat Old Fort

• Museums
  • Herāt National Museum (currently closed, relocating to the Citadel)
  • Jihad Museum

• Shrines
  • Tomb of Queen Goharshad
  • Tomb of Mirwais Sadiq
  • Tomb of Jami
  • Tomb of khaje Qaltan

• Mosques
  • Masjid-e Jame (Friday Mosque)
  • Gazargah Sharif
  • Khalghe Sharif
  • Shah Zahdahe

• Parks
  • Park-e Taraki
  • Park-e Millat
  • Khane-ye Jihad Park

• Stadiums
  • Herāt Stadium

• Universities
  • Herāt University

Famous people from Herāt

• Khwājah Abdullāh Ānsārī, a famous Persian poet of the 11th century
• Nūr ud-Dīn Jāmī, a famous Persian Sufi poet of the 15th century
• Nizām ud-Din ʿAlī Shīr Navā'ī, famous poet and politician of the Timurid era
• Ustād Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād, the greatest of the medieval Persian painters
• Gowharšād, wife of Shāhrūkh Mīrzā
• Mīrzā Shāhrūkh bin Tīmur Barlas, Emperor of the Timurid Dynasty of Herāt
• Mīrzā Husseyn Bāyqarāh, Emperor of the Timurid Dynasty of Herāt
• Shāh Abbās The Great, Emperor of Safavid Persia
• Abbās Qullī Khān Shāmlū, Safavid Governor of Herāt (1812)
• Latīf Nazemī, famous poet of modern times
• Mowlānā Fayzānī, famous reformer and philosopher of the 20th century
• Amīr Jān Ṣabūrī, famous composer and singer from Adraskan District

Gallery

Images of Herāt

Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari shrine	Portal	Cemetery	Cemetery
View from citadel	The ancient citadel sometimes attributed to Alexander the Great	Herāt University	Newly built five-star hotel
A commercial center in Herāt	Clothes bazaar	Street	Bazaar

Herāt in fiction

• The beginning of Khaled Hosseini's 2007 novel A Thousand Splendid Suns is set in and around Herāt.
• Salman Rushdie's novel "The Enchantress of Florence" makes frequent reference to events in Herāt in the middle ages.

References

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

See also

• Aria (satrapy)
• Greater Khorasan
• Herāt Province
• History of Afghanistan
• Geography of Afghanistan

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Herat

• Heratonline.com: Information and news about Herāt
• Herat.co.uk
• Detailed map of Herāt city
• Map of Herāt and surroundings in 1942, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, University of Texas, Austin
• A satellite view map of Herāt.
• Herat a leading city in Afghanistan
• Photo Gallery of Herat
• Poyaa.com - Local News From Herāt
• FallingRain Map - elevation 933 metres (3,060 ft)
• Three Women of Herat: A Memoir of life, Love and Friendship in Afghanistan" by Veronica Doubleday
• Ethnomusicological Research in Afghanistan:

v • d • e The architecture of Iran and historical Persia Elements Bazaars · The Persian Garden (hayāt) · Windcatchers · Shabestan · Kucheh · Talar · Iwan · Howz · Panjdari · Hashti · Andaruni · Biruni (Persian architecture) · Dalan e Vorudi · Qanat · Kariz · Gonbad · Ab anbar · Yakhchal · Caravanserais · Robats · Burj · Khaneqah · Tekyeh · Sahn · Imamzadeh · mosques Notable traditional cities Architecture of Tehran · Bam · Bukhara · Derbent · Herat · Isfahan · Kashan  · Merv · Mashad · Persepolis · Qazvin · Qom · Samarkand · Shahrisabz · Shiraz · Susa · Tabriz · Takht-i-Suleiman (Takht-e Soleyman) · Yazd History and theory Traditional Persian residential architecture · Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity · Islamic architecture · Sassanid architecture · Pre-Parsi style · Parsi style · Parthian style · Khorasani style · Razi style · Azari style · Isfahani style Lists List of ab anbars of Qazvin · List of historical Iranian architects · List of mosques · Args, Castles, and Ghal'ehs · List of Ziyarat-gahs