Hosni Mubarak

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Who2 Biography: Hosni Mubarak, Political Leader / President of Egypt

Born: 4 May 1928
Birthplace: Kafr Moselha, Egypt
Best Known As: President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, 1981- present

Muhammad Hosni Mubarak has been the president of the Arab Republic of Egypt since 14 October 1981, succeeding to that office following the assassination of Anwar Sadat. Mubarak was trained as a pilot and rose in the ranks of Egypt's air force during the 1960s and '70s. President Sadat named Mubarak Vice President in 1975, and in 1978 Mubarak became the vice chairman of the National Democratic Party (NDP), the governing political party in Egypt. When Mubarak succeeded Sadat, he also became the chairman of the NDP. With control of the government and uncontested in subsequent elections, Mubarak won the presidency in national referenda in 1987, 1993 and 1999. During his presidency he focused on economic growth and inched toward political reform, but economic gains in the 1990s were off-set by criticisms that Egypt was a near-dictatorship (Mubarak never lifted the state of emergency imposed after Sadat's assassination). In February of 2005 Mubarak announced plans for a September 2005 election that would be Egypt's first-ever multi-candidate contest for the presidency. On 7 September 2005 he handily won his fifth consecutive term, but it was a victory clouded by low voter turnout, reports of fraud and the imprisonment of his political rival, Ayman Nour. Since then his presidency has been dominated by pressures for political reform and his love/hate relationship with the United States. Mubarak has been rebuked by President George W. Bush and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice for his lack of "commitment" to democracy, but he is an important ally in keeping Egypt as a base of U.S. operations in Iraq.

Egypt's First Lady is Suzanne Thabet Mubarak.

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Political Biography: Mohammed Hosni Said Mubarak

(b. Al-Minufiya, 4 May 1928) Egyptian; Vice-President 1976 – 81, President 1981 – Born and raised in a Nile Delta village, Mubarak embarked on a military career, first graduating from the Military Academy in 1950 and subsequently from the Air Force Academy where he trained as a pilot. Combat experience early in the Yemen Civil War (1962 – 7) was followed by a rapid rise through the senior ranks of the Egyptian Air Force to become Air Chief of Staff in 1969 and Air Marshal in 1973. He commanded Egypt's military forces between 1972 and 1975, gaining considerable personal prestige from their victories in battle against Israel during the 1973 war.

President Sadat appointed him Vice-President in 1975. Mubarak assumed the presidency in 1981 after Sadat's assassination and was subsequently re-elected in 1987 and 1993. He quickly established his political credentials, which until then had been in doubt, by declaring a state of emergency and vigorously suppressing the militant Islamists who had attempted to overthrow the government. He continued Sadat's key policies: "open door" economic reforms were continued by accelerating privatization and developing a tourism infrastructure, while peaceful relations with Israel were maintained. Mubarak also sought to conciliate Arab leaders and end Egypt's isolation in the Arab world. By 1987, her gradual rehabilitation was virtually complete. Egypt's renewed leadership role was considerably enhanced during the Kuwait crisis of 1990 – 1 when Mubarak led Arab opposition to Saddam Hussein and committed 35,000 Egyptian troops to the war against Iraq. The economy benefited greatly from the subsequent cancellation and rescheduling of debts. A renewed Islamist terrorist campaign in 1992 imperilled the Egyptian economy, especially its flourishing tourism industry, and threatened the regime — Mubarak's assassination was attempted in 1995. Extensive security counter-measures contained the insurgency, however, confining it mostly to remote parts of upper Egypt.

Biography: Hosni Mubarak

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Hosni Mubarak (born 1928) led Egypt after the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. He continued the policy of peace with Israel and also won back diplomatic relations with Arab Sates that had cut themselves off from Egypt when Sadat decided to recognize Israel's right to exist.

Hosni Mubarak came from the same Nile delta province, Minufiya, as his predecessor and patron, Anwar Sadat. Mubarak's village of Kafr-El Moseilha had a reputation for stressing education and had produced four cabinet ministers. His father was a minor official in the Ministry of Justice. After primary schooling in his village and secondary studies in the near-by provincial capital of Shibin El-Kom, Mubarak attended Egypt's Military Academy and its Air Academy, graduating from the latter in 1950. He completed the military training in only two years, opting to continue studying instead of taking his summer leave. He became a pilot and spent part of his training in the then Soviet Union.

Mubarak spent the next 25 years in the Air Force. He taught at the Air Academy and commanded Egypt's bomber force in the Yemen civil war in the 1960s. He visited the Soviet Union on several occasions and spent a year at the Soviet's Frunze military academy. He spoke Russian and English in addition to Arabic.

President Gamal Abdel Nasser named Mubarak director of the Air Academy in 1967, giving him the crucial task of rebuilding the air force, which the Israelis had destroyed on the ground in the Six Day War of June 1967. Mubarak moved up to Air Force chief-of-staff in 1969, and in 1972 he became its commander-in-chief. He helped plan the successful surprise attack on the Israeli forces occupying the east bank of the Suez Canal on October 6, 1973, launching the Yom Kippur War.

President Sadat rewarded Mubarak's patient competence in 1975 by naming him vice president. Sadat disliked routine administration and enjoyed the international limelight, so Mubarak quietly took over the day-to-day running of the government. Mubarak presided over cabinet meetings, controlled the security apparatus, and became vice president of the ruling National Democratic party. Diplomatic assignments abroad gave him experience with foreign affairs. He was sent to Syria, Iraq, the United States, and China. His expertise was integral to the negotiations for the 1978 Camp David Accords which Egypt and Israel signed, ending decades of conflict.

Mubarak escaped with a minor hand wound when Islamic fundamentalists gunned down Sadat at a military review on October 6, 1981. Moving quickly to restore order and consolidate his position, Mubarak crushed an Islamic uprising in Asyut and jailed over 2,500 members of militant Islamic groups. He executed a handful, had others sentenced to prison terms, and gradually released the rest. He also released the more secular political figures whom Sadat had indiscriminately jailed in the September crackdown that helped provoke his assassination.

Mubarak only slightly modulated the main lines of Sadat's foreign and domestic policies. He kept the 1979 Camp David treaty with Israel and Sadat's close ties to the United States. Egypt regained the Sinai peninsula when the Israelis withdrew in 1982. Egypt remained cool to Israel, however, because of a minor border dispute, the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, and Israeli policies toward the Palestinians in the West Bank. In 1986, however, he agreed to return the Egyptian ambassador to Tel Aviv.

Throughout the 1980s Mubarak combated Egypt's most pressing problems, unemployment and a struggling economy. He increased the production of affordable housing, clothing, furniture, and medicine. He also kept a tight rein on his officials, firing ministers at the first hint of scandal and fining parliamentary legislators for unnecessary absences.

Egypt's heavy dependence on U.S. military and economic aid and her hopes for U.S. pressure on Israel for a Palestinian settlement continued under Mubarak. He carefully offered the Americans only military "facilities" and not bases, however, and quietly improved relations with the Soviet Union, whose ambassador returned to Cairo in 1984.

All the Arab states but three had broken relations with Egypt to protest the treaty with Israel. Without renouncing the treaty, Mubarak patiently rebuilt bridges to Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Yasser Arafat of the Palestine Liberation Organization. It was Mubarak who prodded Arafat to recognize Israel's right to exist and moderate his extremist stance.

Internally, the military, the swollen government bureaucracy, the consumer-oriented upper middle class, and the rural power structure were still the mainstays of Mubarak's regime. The scattered opposition included Muslim idealists who longed for a theocracy, Nasserists and leftist who looked back to the populist redistributive policies of the early 1960s, and the New Wafd rightists who wanted further economic and political liberalization. Egypt's Christians, the Copts, remained nervous about the political resurgence of Islam. Mubarak's National Democratic party won a comfortable majority in the May 1984 elections. He told U.S. News and World Report that in Egypt "no religious political parties are allowed, and I am not going to change the laws … I don't want headaches. I would like to build a country and not cause reasonable people to fight one another."

Sadat's "open-door" economic policies - which encouraged foreign and local private investment - continued, although Mubarak tried to shift the emphasis from imported luxuries to productive enterprises. Mubarak did not dare to discontinue the costly government subsidies which reduced the prices of basic foods to consumers.

Mubarak dismissed several cabinet ministers from the Sadat days for corruption, prosecuted Sadat's brother (who had amassed a fortune overnight), and sternly warned his own relatives to avoid such temptations. He razed the luxury weekend retreats on the pyramids' plateau at Giza. Like Nasser, but unlike Sadat, Mubarak followed local mores in separating his public from his private life. His wife Suzanne, who had a master's degree in sociology, did not try to play the highly visible "first lady" role which had attracted Westerners to Jihan Sadat but had offended many Egyptians. In 1987 Mubarak won election to a second six-year term.

Mubarak was shocked and angered over the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. He thought the Gulf War could have been avoided, but placed that responsibility on Saddam Hussein. He felt that the Saudi Arabians were justified in inviting assistance from the West to protect their sovereignty. He sent 45,000 troops to the allied coalition, with the unanimous approval of the Egyptian people. After the war Mubarak's prompt actions and support boosted Egypt to the forefront in leading the Arab world.

In 1993 Mubarak was elected for a sixth term with 96.3 percent of the vote. Many felt that the vote reflected the Egyptian's approval and confidence in Mubarak's stand against Islamic fundamentalists. Plots to assassinate Mubarak had surfaced in 1992 and 1993 but had failed. In 1995 however after two policemen and assailants were killed in another attack against the president, Mubarak continued his hard-line stance against the extremists. Not only were they plotting to overthrow the government, but their actions had damaged Egypt's already unsteady economy. His crackdown brought his government accusations of torture, summary execution intimidation of the press, and other human-rights violations.

In 1997, Mubarak embarked on the New Valley Canal project which many called his "great pyramid" or lasting legacy to Egypt. In effect Mubarak planned to "make the desert bloom" by creating a new canal through one of the hottest and driest places on earth, turning arid desert into arable farm land.

Muhammad Hosni Sayid Sayid Ibrahim Mubarak محمد حسني سيد سيد إبراهيم مبارك

President of Egypt
Incumbent
Assumed office 14 October 1981
Prime Minister	Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin Kamal Hassan Ali Ali Mahmoud Lutfi Atef Muhammad Naguib Sedki Kamal Ganzouri Atef Ebeid Ahmed Nazif
Preceded by	Anwar Al Sadat
Prime Minister of Egypt
In office 7 October 1981 – 2 January 1982
President	Sufi Abu Taleb (Acting)
Preceded by	Anwar El Sadat
Succeeded by	Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin

Born	4 May 1928 (1928-05-04) (age 81) Kafr-El Meselha, Monufia, Egypt
Political party	National Democratic Party
Spouse	Suzanne Mubarak
Children	Alaa Mubarak Gamal Mubarak
Religion	Islam

Early life and the Egyptian Air Force

Mubarak was born on 4 May 1928 in Kafr-El-Meselha , Al Monufiyah Governorate, Egypt. Upon completion of high school, he joined the Egyptian Military Academy, where he received a Bachelor's Degree in Military Sciences in 1949. On 2 February 1949, Mubarak left the Military Academy and joined the Air Force Academy, gaining his commission as a pilot officer on 13 March 1950^[1] and eventually earning a Bachelor's Degree in Aviation Sciences.

As an Egyptian Air Force officer, Mubarak served in various formations and units, including two years when he was on the "Speed Fire" fighter squadrons. Some time in the 1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy, this time as an instructor, remaining there until early 1959. From February 1959 to June 1961, Mubarak attended the Soviet pilot training school in Moscow where he was trained on the LU-28 and Tupolev Tu-16 jet bomber. On his return to Egypt, Mubarak served in wing and then a base commander appointments, taking up command of the West Cairo Air Base in October 1966 before briefly commanding the Bany Swaif Air Base.^[1]

In November 1967 Mubarak became the Air Force Academy's commander and two years later he became Chief of Staff for the Egyptian Air Force. His military career reached its zenith in 1972 when he became Commander of the Air Force and Egyptian Deputy Minister of Defence and the following year he was promoted to air chief marshal in recognition of service during the October or Yom Kippur War.^[1]

President of Egypt

Following the assassination of President Sadat by militants in 1981, Hosni Mubarak became the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Chairman of the National Democratic Party (NDP). He is also the longest serving President of the Egyptian Republic (27 years in 2008).

Hosni Mubarak is married to Suzanne Mubarak, and has two sons: Alaa and Gamal whom Hosni Mubarak is alleged to be preparing to be his successor.

Egypt's return to the Arab League

Egypt was the only country in the history of the Arab League to be suspended from its membership, due to President Sadat's peace treaty with Israel, but it re-gained admission to the league - eight years after Sadat's assassination on October 6, 1981 - in 1989, under Mubarak. Its headquarters was relocated to its original setting in Cairo.^[2]

Wars and the monetary gain from the First Persian Gulf War

Egypt was a member of the allied coalition in the 1991 Persian Gulf War, and Egyptian foot soldiers were some of the first to land in Saudi Arabia to evict Iraqi forces from Kuwait.

Reports that sums as large as $500,000 per soldier were paid or debt forgiven were published in the news media. The Economist cites: The programme worked like a charm: a textbook case, says the IMF. In fact, luck was on Hosni Mubarak’s side; when America was hunting for a military alliance to force Iraq out of Kuwait, Egypt’s president joined without hesitation. After the Persian Gulf war, his reward was that USA, the Gulf states and Europe forgave Egypt around $20 billion-worth of debt.^[3]

Assassination attempts

According to the BBC, Mubarak has survived six assassination attempts. In June 1995 there was an alleged assassination attempt involving Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (The Islamic Group) and Egyptian Islamic Jihad while he was in Ethiopia for a conference of the Organization of African Unity. Upon return Mubarak is said to have authorized raids on Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya which by 1999 saw 20,000 persons placed in detention related to the revolutionary Islamic organizations.^[2]^[4]

Mubarak's stance on the second Iraq War

President Mubarak spoke out against the 2003 war on Iraq, arguing that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict should be resolved first. He also claimed that the war would cause "100 Bin Ladens".^[5]. President Mubarak does not support an immediate U.S. pull out from Iraq as he believes it will lead to probable chaos.

Changing economic scene

In July 2004 Mubarak accepted the resignation of Prime Minister Atef Ebeid and most of the cabinet. He then appointed Ahmed Nazif as the new Prime Minister. The new cabinet was generally viewed with optimism. Economic conditions are starting to improve considerably after a period of stagnation. The new cabinet headed by Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif was somewhat successful in overcoming the grim economic situation. The Egyptian stock market came in first place out of all emerging markets in terms of percentage increase for the fiscal year 2004/2005. However, unemployment still persists and Mubarak has come under criticism for favoring big business and privatization as opposed to workers' rights. All this was a consequence of the wide use of privatization policy, by selling shares in most public sector companies, but it is widely believed that this reserve of previously nationalized capitals will end soon, leaving Nazif's government broke.

Democratization in 2005 elections

President Mubarak has been re-elected by majority votes in a referendum for successive terms on four occasions: in 1987, 1993, 1999. The results of the referendums are of questionable validity. No one runs against the President due to a restriction in the Egyptian constitution in which the People's Assembly plays the main role in electing the President of the Republic. However, in February 2005 Mubarak passed a constitutional amendment allowing parties directly running against the incumbent president. As expected, he was re-elected.

After increased domestic and international pressure for democratic reform in Egypt, Mubarak asked the largely rubber stamp parliament on 26 February 2005 to amend the constitution to allow multi-candidate presidential elections by September 2005. Previously, Mubarak secured his position by having himself nominated by parliament, then confirmed without opposition in a referendum.

The September 2005 ballot was therefore a multiple candidate election rather than a referendum, but the electoral institutions, and security apparatus remain under the control of the President. The official state media, including the three government newspapers and state television also express views identical to the official line taken by Mubarak. In recent years however, there has been a steady growth in independent news outlets, especially independent newspapers which occasionally criticize the President and his family severely. Satellite channels beaming from Egypt such as the Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network for example, also exhibit relative openness as exhibited in their flagship program Al Qahira Al Yawm. In the last few years however, the cabinet headed by Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif has been somewhat successful in turning things around. According to the List of countries by Human Development Index Egypt ranks 111th out of 177 countries, and rates 0.702 on the index.

On 28 July 2005, Mubarak announced his candidacy, as he had been widely expected to do. The election which was scheduled for 7 September 2005 involved mass rigging activities, according to civil organizations that observed the elections. Reports have shown that Mubarak's party used government vehicles to take public employees to vote for him. Votes were bought for Mubarak in poor suburbs and rural areas. It was also reported that thousands of illegal votes were allowed for Mubarak from citizens who were not registered to vote. On 8 September 2005, Dr. Ayman Nour, a dissident and candidate for the Al-Ghad party, contested the election results, and demanded a repeat of the election.

In a move widely seen as political persecution, Nour was convicted of forgery and sentenced to five years at hard labor on 24 December, 2005.^[6] On the day of Nour's guilty verdict and sentencing, the White House Press Secretary released the following statement denouncing the government's action:

"The United States is deeply troubled by the conviction today of Egyptian politician Ayman Nour by an Egyptian court. The conviction of Dr. Nour, the runner-up in Egypt's 2005 presidential elections, calls into question Egypt's commitment to democracy, freedom and the rule of law. We are also disturbed by reports that Mr. Nour's health has seriously declined due to the hunger strike on which he has embarked in protest of the conditions of his trial and detention. The United States calls upon the Egyptian government to act under the laws of Egypt in the spirit of its professed desire for increased political openness and dialogue within Egyptian society, and out of humanitarian concern, to release Mr. Nour from detention."^[7]

According to Reporters Without Borders; Egyptian media ranks 133 out of 168 in freedom of the press,^[8] showing an improvement of 10 places from 2005.

Mubarak and corruption

A dramatic drop in support for Mubarak occurred with the news that his son Alaa was favoured in government tenders and privatization. With both of his sons directly and indirectly owning shares in a large number of companies and minor projects, Mubarak's corruption is leading a series of corruption cases among his cabinet of minor governmental employees.

While in office, political corruption in the Mubarak administration's Ministry of Interior has risen dramatically, due to the increased power over the institutional system that is necessary to secure the prolonged presidency. Such corruption has led to the frequent imprisonment of political figures and young activists without trials, illegal undocumented hidden detention facilities, and rejecting university, mosques, newspapers staff members based on political inclination. On a personnel level, each individual officer can and will violate citizens' privacy in his area, using unconditioned arrests, common torture and abuse of power, depending on simply brute force, rather than law, to enforce order in the officer's designated area. This has resulted in the common belief that "A policeman is more dangerous than a criminal".

The rise to power of powerful business men in the NDP in the federal government and People's Assembly led to massive waves of anger during the years of Ahmed Nazif's government. As a result, frequent laws and bills are passed, with undergiant monopolists (such as Ahmed Ezz's)influence serving personal and corporational financial interests rather than public's. Transparency International (TI) is an international organisation addressing corruption, including, but not limited to, political corruption. In 2008, TI's Corruption Perceptions Index report assessed Egypt with a CPI score of 2.8, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and country analysts, with 10 being highly clean and 0 being highly corrupt. Egypt ranked 115th out of the 180 countries included in the report.

Mubarak and the Coptic Orthodox Church

Before Mubarak assumed the presidency, former Egyptian President Sadat ordered Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria into exile at the Monastery of Saint Pishoy. In addition, eight bishops, twenty-four priests, and many other prominent Copts were placed under arrest. Sadat replaced the church hierarchy with a committee of five bishops and referred to Pope Shenouda as the "ex-pope." More than three years after assuming power following Sadat's 1981 assassination, Mubarak released Pope Shenouda from exile on 2 January 1985. He returned to Cairo to celebrate the 7 January Christmas Liturgy (Old Calendar) to a crowd of more than ten thousand. Christians have enjoyed relatively greater rights under Mubarak with their January 7 holiday, Christmas in the orthodox (Old Calendar), being declared a national holiday in 2002. However, many Copts continue to claim that Mubarak has done little to safeguard their interests.

Twenty-eight years of Emergency Law rule

Recently he has come under criticism for extending Egypt's Emergency Law (the country has been under a state of emergency since ex-president Sadat's assassination in 1981). Under that "state of emergency", the government has the right to imprison individuals for any period of time, and for virtually no reason, thus keeping them in prisons without trials for any period. One justification presented by the government and certain members of the international community to keep that state of emergency going is to fight terrorism. Opposition groups like the Muslim Brotherhood could come into power in Egypt if the current government did not forgo parliamentary elections, confiscate the group's main financiers' possessions, and/or detain group figureheads; virtually impossible without emergency law and judicial-system independence prevention. However, critics would argue that this goes against the principles of democracy, which include a citizen's right to a fair trial and their right to vote for whichever candidate and/or party they deem fit to run their country.

Presidential succession

As Alaa left the picture around the year 2000, Mubarak's second son Gamal started rising in the National Democratic Party and succeeded in getting a newer generation of neo-liberals into the party, and eventually the government. Due to Gamal's increasing visibility and influence, rumours about him being groomed for the presidency became common. Nevertheless, this has been denied by both the president and his son several times. Many believe that his succession would mean a hereditary pseudo-monarchy (see also family dictatorship).

Mubarak and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Mubarak has very strong views on the issue of Israel and the Palestinians. He is generally supportive of Palestinian groups such as Fatah. As he has been involved intensely in the Arab League, he has supported Arab efforts to achieve a lasting peace in the region. The current position of the league is that which was endorsed at the Beirut Summit, on March 28, 2002. At the summit the league adopted the Arab Peace Initiative,^[9] a Saudi-inspired peace plan for the Arab–Israeli conflict. The initiative offered full normalization of the relations with Israel. In exchange, Israel was demanded to withdraw from all occupied territories, including the Golan Heights, to recognize an independent Palestinian state in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip with East Jerusalem as its capital, as well as a "just solution" for the Palestinian refugees. The Peace Initiative was again endorsed at 2007 in the Riyadh Summit. In July 2007, the Arab League sent a mission, consisting of the Jordanian and Egyptian foreign ministers, to Israel to promote the initiative. The mission was welcomed with reservations by Israel.^{[citation needed]}

On June 19, 2008, Egypt brokered “lull” or pause in hostilities between Israel and Hamas went into effect.^[10] The term “lull” is a translation of the Arabic term Tahdia.^[11] According to The New York Times, neither side fully respected the terms of the cease-fire.^[12]

The agreement required Hamas to end rocket attacks on Israel and to enforce the lull throughout Gaza. In exchange, Hamas expected the blockade to end, commerce in Gaza to resume, and truck shipments to be restored to 2005 levels, which was between 500 and 600 trucks per day.^[12]^[13] Israel tied easing of the blockade to a reduction in rocket fire and gradually re-opened supply lines and permitted around 90 daily truck shipments to enter Gaza, up from around 70 per day.^[14] Hamas criticized Israel for its continued blockade^[15] while Israel accused Hamas of continued weapons smuggling via tunnels to Egypt and pointed to continued rocket attacks.^[12]

When conflict again ensued however Egypt's foreign minister, while condemning the Israeli offensive, stated that Hamas had brought it upon itself.

In 2009, Mubarak's government banned the Cairo Anti-war Conference, which has criticised his lack of action against Israel.^[16]

Political and military posts

Re-elected for a fifth term of office (2005)
Chairman of the G-15 (1998 & 2002)
Re-elected for a fourth term of office (1999)
Chairman of the Arab Summit since June (1996)
Chairman of the OAU (1993-1994)
Re-elected for a third term of office (1993)
Chairman of the OAU (1989-1990)
Re-elected for a second term of office (1987)
President of the National Democratic Party (1982)
President of the Republic (1981)

Vice-President of the National Democratic Party (NDP) (1979)
Vice-President of the Arab Republic of Egypt (1975)
Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General / Air Marshal (1974)
Commander of the Air Force and Deputy Minister of Defense (1972)
Chief of Staff of the Air Force (1969)
Director of the Air Force Academy (1968)
Commander of Cairo West Air Base (1964)
Joined Frunze Military Academy, USSR (1964)
Lecturer in Air Force Academy (1952-1959)

Popular culture

Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (April 2009)

Hosni Mubarak acted in a small shot in a movie named "Wadaa fel fagr", produced 1956^[17]
Hosni Mubarak was awarded Jawaharlal Nehru Award (जवाहर लाल नेहरू पुरस्कार) for International Understanding by President Pratibha Patil in New Delhi on November 19, 2008. Mubarak was honoured for his "unique role in providing stability and progress to his country, in upholding the Arab cause, in promoting peace and understanding in the region."
Hosni Mubarak is currently ranked 20th on Parade Magazine's 2009 World's Worst Dictator list.^[18]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Air Marshal Mohammed Honsi Mubarak". Egyptian Armed Forces Web Site. Egyptian Armed Forces. http://www.mmc.gov.eg/branches/AIRFORCE/gg16.htm. Retrieved on 2009-05-30.
^ ^a ^b "BBC NEWS - Middle East - Country profiles - Country profile: Egypt". http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
^ "Economist.com - The IMF’s model pupil". http://www.economist.com/surveys/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=319594. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
^ Wright, Looming Towers, 2006, p.213-215
^ CNN.com - Mubarak warns of '100 bin Ladens' - March 31, 2003
^ Slackman, Michael (2005-12-25). "Testing Egypt, Mubarak Rival Is Sent to Jail". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/25/international/africa/25egypt.html. Retrieved on 2009-06-06.
^ "Statement on Conviction of Egyptian Politician Ayman Nour". U.S. National Archives. 2005-12-24. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/12/20051224-1.html. Retrieved on 2009-06-06.
^ "Reporters sans frontières - Annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index - 2006". http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=19386. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
^ "The Arab Peace Initiative, 2002". al-bab.com. 2005-10-01. http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/league/peace02.htm. Retrieved on 2008-07-09.
^ Isabel Kershner (2008-06-25). "Rockets hit Israel, breaking Hamas truce". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/06/25/africa/25mideast.php.
^ Hamas offering Israel truce, not peace. USA Today. Published 3/12/2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c BRONNER, ETHAN (2008-12-19). "Gaza Truce May Be Revived by Necessity" (in English). New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html?scp=2&sq=Ethan%20Bronner%20December%202008%20gaza&st=cse. Retrieved on 2009-02-12.
^ UN Press Conference on Gaza humanitarian situation
^ BBC Truce barely eases Gaza embargo. By Aleem Maqbool. BBC News. Published August 19, 2008.
^ Guardian Gaza truce broken as Israeli raid kills six Hamas gunmen Rory McCarthy 5 November 2008
^ "Mubarak blocks resistance Cairo conference". Socialist Worker. 2009-05-12. http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=17897. Retrieved on 2009-05-15.
^ YouTube - مبارك مع كمال الشناوي وشادية في فيلم
^ Parade Magazine. " The Worlds 10 Worst Dictators", 22 March 2009

9. Mubarak: "U.S withdrawal would hurt Iraq" [1]

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hosni Mubarak

Egyptian Air Force - Air Marshal Hosni Mubarak
European Parliament Resolution on Egypt's Human Rights Situation
Egyptian government page
Egypt After Mubarak by Stephen Glainis, The Nation, April 28 2009

Political offices
Preceded by Anwar El Sadat	Prime Minister of Egypt 1981 – 1982	Succeeded by Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin
Preceded by Sufi Abu Talib acting	President of Egypt 1981 – present	Succeeded by Incumbent
Preceded by Moussa Traoré Mali	OAU Chairman 1989 – 1990	Succeeded by Yoweri Museveni Uganda
Preceded by Abdou Diouf Senegal	OAU Chairman 1993 – 1994	Succeeded by Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Tunisia
Party political offices
Preceded by Anwar El Sadat	Chairman of the National Democratic Party 1982 – present	Succeeded by Incumbent
Military offices
Preceded by Ali Mustafa Baghdady	Commander of the Egyptian Air Force 1972 – 1975	Succeeded by Mahmoud Shaker

v • d • e Presidents of Egypt

Muhammad Naguib (1953-1954) • Gamal Abdel Nasser (1954-1970) • Anwar Al Sadat (1970-1981) • Sufi Abu Taleb* • Hosni Mubarak (1981-present) * served as acting President of Egypt for eight days following Sadat's assassination

v • d • e Prime Ministers of Egypt

Khedivate (1805–1882)	office established 1878 · Nubar · Isma'il^[1] · Tewfik · Sharif · Tewfik^[1] · Riyad · Sharif · el-Baroudi · Raghib^[2]

British occupation (1882–1922)	Sharif · Nubar · Riyad · Fahmi · Fahri · Riyad · Nubar · Fahmi · Ghali · Said · Rushdi · Said · Wahba · Nasim · Yakan · Sarwat

Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)	Nasim · Y. Ibrahim · Zaghlul · Ziwar · Yakan · Sarwat · Nahhas · Mahmoud · Yakan · Nahhas · I. Sedki · A. Ibrahim · Nasim · Mahir · Nahhas · Mahmoud · Ali Mahir · Sabry · Sirri · Nahhas · Ahmad Mahir · Nukrashi · I. Sedki · Nukrashi · Hadi · Sirri · Nahhas · Ahmad Mahir · Hilali · Sirri · Hilali · Ali Mahir · Naguib^[3]

Republic of Egypt (1953–present)	Naguib^[3] · Nasser^[3] · Naguib^[3] · Nasser^[3]^[4] · Sabri^[4] · Mohieddin^[4] · Sulayman^[4] · Nasser^[4] · Fawzi^[4] · Aziz Sedki · Sadat · Hejazi · Salem · Khalil · Sadat · Mubarak · Mohieddin · Ali · Lutfi · Atef Sedki · Ganzouri · Ebeid · Nazif

Notes: 1. interim 2. Orabi^[3] headed a government in rebellion, July–September 1882, beginning during Raghib's term. 3. military 4. UAR period

Chairpersons of the Organization of African Unity and the African Union (AU)

Selassie · Nasser · Nkrumah · Ankrah · Selassie · Mobutu · Boumédienne · Ahidjo · Kaunda · Daddah · Hassan II · Gowon · Barre · Amin · Ramgoolam · Bongo · Nimeiry · Tolbert · Senghor · Stevens · Moi · Mengistu · Nyerere · Diouf · Nguesso · Kaunda · Traoré · Mubarak · Museveni · Babangida · Diouf · Mubarak · Ben Ali · Meles · Biya · Mugabe · Compaoré · Bouteflika · Eyadéma · Chiluba · Mwanawasa · Mbeki · Chissano · Obasanjo · Nguesso · Kufuor · Kikwete · al-Gaddafi

Persondata
NAME	Mubarak, Hosni
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	حسنى مبارك (Arabic); Mubarak, Muhammad Hosni Said (full name);محمد حسنى سيد مبارك (Arabic full name)
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Egyptian president
DATE OF BIRTH	4 May 1928
PLACE OF BIRTH	Kafr-El Meselha, Al Monufiyah, Egypt
DATE OF DEATH	living
PLACE OF DEATH	n/a

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