Grace, Princess of Monaco née Grace Patricia Kelly (November 12
1929 – September 14 1982) was
an Academy Award-winning American film and
stage actress who, upon marriage to Rainier III, Prince of Monaco in 1956, became Her Serene
Highness The Princess of Monaco, but was generally known as Princess Grace of Monaco.
Princess Grace maintained dual American and Monegasque citizenship after her marriage. The principality's current Sovereign
Prince, Albert II is the son of Prince Rainier and Princess Grace. The
American Film Institute ranked Kelly #13 amongst the Greatest Female Stars of All Time.
Family
Grace Patricia Kelly was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she
grew up in the East Falls section, the third of four children to
John Brendan Kelly, Sr., also known as Jack Kelly, and Margaret Katherine Majer
Kelly. Grace's siblings, in order of age, were Peggy, John Jr., and Lizzane. Her father was one of ten children of John Henry
Kelly (1847-1897) and Mary Costello in an Irish American Catholic family (originally from Kidney Lake, Newport,
County Mayo, Ireland). Already a local hero as a triple Olympic-gold-medal-winning sculler at a time when the sport of
rowing was most popular, John Kelly's brick business grew to become the largest on the East Coast. The self-made millionaire and
his family were introduced to Philadelphia society. Mr. Kelly's large
family included two uncles prominent in the arts: Walter Kelly, a vaudevillian, and
George Kelly, a Pulitzer Prize-winning
playwright, who outside of Grace was assiduously looked down upon by the family because of his homosexuality.[1]
In 1935, John Kelly ran for mayor of Philadelphia, losing by the closest margin for any
Democrat in Philadelphia. He later served on the Fairmount Park Commission. During World War II, President
Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him National Director of Physical Fitness, a post
that allowed Kelly to use his fame to promote the virtues of physical fitness.
Grace's mother, born to Lutheran German parents (Carl
Majer and Margaretha Berg), converted to Catholicism upon marrying Mr. Kelly. Like her husband, Margaret Kelly was a proponent of
health and fitness, studying Physical Education at Temple University, and later
becoming the first woman to head the Physical Education Department at the University
of Pennsylvania.
John B. Kelly, Jr., Grace’s brother, followed in the family's athletic tradition:
his rowing exploits were well chronicled. He won the James E. Sullivan Award in
1947 as the top amateur athlete in the country. As a wedding gift, John, Jr., gave his sister his bronze medal from the
1956 Summer Olympics. Kelly Drive in Philadelphia is named for John, Jr., who was a
city councilman there.
Acting career
Grace Kelly’s choice of career was reflected in her childhood experiences. While attending the prestigious Ravenhill Academy,
Grace modeled fashions at local social events with her mother and sisters. She gained her first acting experience at the age of
12, when she played a lead role in Don't Feed the Animals, a play produced by the Old Academy Players in East
Falls.[2] During high school, she acted and danced,
graduating from Stevens School, a small private school in a mansion on Walnut Lane in Germantown, Philadelphia, in May 1947. Her
graduation yearbook listed her favorite actress as Ingrid Bergman; her favorite actor,
Joseph Cotten; her favorite summer resort, Ocean
City; her favorite drink, a black and white chocolate milkshake; her favorite piece of classical music, Debussy's "Clair de Lune"; her favorite orchestra,
Benny Goodman; and her favorite female singer, Jo
Stafford. Written in the "Stevens' Prophecy" section was, “Miss Grace P. Kelly - a famous star of stage and screen.”
Theater
Upon her rejection by Bennington College in July 1947 on account of her low
mathematics scores (to the dismay of her mother), Grace decided to pursue her dreams of a career in the theater, using a scene
from her uncle's play, Torchbearers, for an audition into the American
Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York. Although the school had already selected its quota for the semester, Grace wangled
an interview with Emile Diestel, the school's admission officer. Notable talents including Katharine Hepburn, Lauren Bacall, Gene Tierney, and Spencer Tracy had all studied there. Living in
Manhattan's Barbizon Hotel for Women, a prestigious establishment which barred
men from entering after 10 p.m., and working as a model to support her studies, Grace began her first term the following October.
A diligent student, she would use a recorder to practice and perfect her speech. Her early acting pursuits led her to the stage,
most notably a Broadway debut in Strindberg’s The Father alongside Raymond Massey. At
19, her graduation performance was in The Philadelphia Story, a role with which she would also end her film career.
Kelly caught the eye of television producer Delbert Mann, who cast her as Bethel Maraday
in her first of nearly 60 live television programs. Success on television eventually brought her a role in a major , Kelly made
her film debut in a small role in the 1951 film Fourteen Hours. The small role led to many offers, all of which she turned down for independence and
another chance at the theater. She was performing in Colorado’s notable Elitch Gardens
when she received a telegram from Hollywood producer Stanley Kramer, offering her the
starring role opposite Gary Cooper in High Noon.
According to biographer Wendy Leigh, at age 22 Kelly had an off-set romance with both Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann. High Noon would go to be a popular film of the 1950s.
Actress for MGM
In September 1952, Grace was flown to Los
Angeles by MGM to audition for the role of Linda Nordley in the studio's
production of Mogambo. Gene Tierney was initially
cast in the role, but dropped out at the last minute due to her emotional problems. Kelly won the role along with a 7 year
contract, although she was hired at a relatively low salary of $850 a week. Kelly signed the deal under two conditions: First,
one out of every two years, she have time off to work in the theater and second, that she be able to live in New York City. Just
two months later, in November, the cast arrived in Nairobi to begin production. She later told
famed Hollywood columnist Hedda Hopper, "Mogambo had three things that interested
me. John Ford, Clark Gable, and a trip to
Africa with expenses paid. If Mogambo had been made in Arizona, I wouldn't have done it."[3]
Critics praised Grace's patrician beauty, despite receiving third billing. The role garnered her a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and her
first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.
After the heightened success of Mogambo, Grace starred in a TV play The Way of an Eagle, with Jean-Pierre Aumont before being cast in the film adaptation of Frederick Knott's Broadway hit Dial M for Murder.
Alfred Hitchcock was slated to direct the film and would become one of Kelly's last
mentors. Hitchcock also took full advantage of Kelly's virginal beauty on-camera. In a scene in which her character Margot
Wendice is nearly murdered, a struggle that breaks out between her and her would-be-killer Tony
Dawson clearly accentuates her curves and statuesque figure,[citation needed] which is closely hugged by a flimsy nightgown as she kicks her legs and flails her arms attempting to fight off her killer. Dial M for
Murder opened in theaters in May 1954 to both positive reviews and box-office triumph.
The role of Margot Wendice was a beginning for Grace as a poised and confident role-playing actress.
Grace began filming scenes for her next film, The Bridges at Toko-Ri, in
January 1954 with William Holden. The role of Nancy, the cordially wretched wife of naval
officer Harry (played by Holden), proves to be a minor but pivotal part of the story. Released in January 1955, The New Yorker wrote of Kelly and Holden's unbridled
onscreen chemistry, taking note of Grace's performance on part "with quiet confidence."
In October 1954 Grace received a telegram that
Alfred Hitchcock had scheduled her a wardrobe fitting with Edith Head, arguably Hollywood's
most premier and elite costume designer, for the director's next film, Rear Window.
In going forth with the role of Lisa Freemont, Grace unhesitatingly turned down the opportunity to star alongside
Marlon Brando in On the
Waterfront, which won her replacement, Eva Marie Saint, an Academy Award.
"All through the making of Dial M for Murder, he [Hitchcock] sat and talked to me about Rear Window all the time,
even before we had discussed my being in it."[4] Much like
the shooting of Dial M for Murder, Grace and Hitchcock shared a close bond of humor and admiration. Sometimes, however,
minor strifes would emerge on set concerning the wardrobe.
"At the rehearsal for the scene in Rear Window when I wore a sheer nightgown, Hitchcock called for Edith Head. He came
over here and said, 'Look, the bosom is not right, we're going to have to put something in there.' He was very sweet about it; he
didn't want to upset me, so he spoke quietly to Edith. When we went into my dressing room and Edith said, 'Mr. Hitchcock is
worried because there's a false pleat here. He wants me to put in falsies.' "Well, I said, 'You can't put falsies in this, it's
going to show and I'm not going to wear them. And she said, 'What are we going to do?' So we quickly took it up here, made some
adjustments there, and I just did what I could and stood as straight as possible - without falsies. When I walked out onto the
set Hitchcock looked at me and at Edith and said, 'See what a difference they make?'"
Grace's new co-star, James Stewart, was highly enthused about working with
Grace.[5] The role of Lisa Freemont, a wealthy Manhattan
socialite and model, was unlike any of the previous women which she had played. For the very first time, she was an independent
career woman. Stewart played a speculative photographer with a broken leg, bound to a wheelchair, who is curiously reduced to
observing the happenings of tenants outside his window. Grace is not seen until twenty-two minutes into the movie. Just as he had
done earlier, Hitchcock graciously provides the camera with a slow-sequenced silhouette of Grace, along with a close-up of the
two stars kissing and finally lingering closely on her profile. With the film's opening in October 1954, Grace was yet again
praised. Variety's film critic embracingly tells of the idealistic casting,
commenting about the "earthy quality to the relationship between Stewart and Miss Kelly. Both do a fine job of the picture's
acting demands."
She was awarded the role of Bing Crosby's long-suffering wife in The Country Girl, after a pregnant Jennifer Jones
bowed out. Already familiar with the play, Grace was desperate for the part. This meant to MGM's dismay, that she would have to
be loaned out to Paramount. Grace threatened the studio that she would pack her bags
and leave for New York for good. The vanquished studio caved in, and the part was hers. Much to the audience's surprise, The
Country Girl was shot in black and white, having become accustomed to seeing the alluring blonde in technicolor.
The film also paired Grace again with William Holden. The wife of a washed-up alcoholic
singer, played by Crosby, Grace is emotionally torn between two lovers. Holden willfully begs Grace to leave her husband and be
with him. A piece of frail tenderness manages to cloak itself inside of her, even after having been demonized by Crosby,
describing "a pathetic hint of frailty in a wonderful glowing man. That appeals a lot to us. It did to me. I was so young. His
weaknesses seemed touching and sweet, they made me love him more." The following March, Grace would be honored with the
Academy Award for Best Actress. Her character's modest appearance and the
film's demanding scenes were a departure from her on-screen persona of the graceful heiress, which she perfected and embodied
through her last role in High Society, the musical remake of The Philadelphia Story.
In April 1954, Grace flew to Colombia for a brief 10 day shoot to film her next project,
Green Fire, with Stewart Granger. Grace plays
Kathy Noland, an extremely small role as a coffee plantation owner. In Granger's autobiography he writes of his distaste for the
film's script, while Grace later confided to Hedda Hopper, "It wasn't pleasant. We worked at a pathetic village - miserable huts
and dirty. Part of the crew got shipwrecked ... It was awful."[6] Green Fire was a critical and box-office failure. It is undoubtedly looked down upon as
Grace's least appealing film.
After the back-to-back shooting of Rear Window, Toko-Ri, Country Girl, and Green Fire, Kelly was
exhausted, and flew to France along with department store heir Bernard "Barney" Strauss, to begin
work on her third and final film for Alfred Hitchcock, To Catch a Thief. Grace
formed a mutual admiration with her new co-star, Cary Grant. The two cherished the time
together for the rest of their lives. Years later, when asked to name his all-time favorite actress, Cary replied without
hesitation: "Well, with all due respect to dear Ingrid [Bergman], I much preferred Grace.
She had serenity."[7] The character she plays, Frances
Stevens, an American oil heiress, mirrors Grace's own persona, equally sharing sex appeal, sensuality, and dignified elegance.
The celebrated fireworks scene is among favorites for any romantic. Hitchcock subliminally peppers an undertone of sexual
innuendo during the sequence. In the now famous speedy picnic drive, dressed in a peach and white dress, with her trademark white
gloves, Grace's real life fear of driving and her inability to properly function an automobile, are eerily captured on film. The
same long, and spiraling strip of road would one day hurtle her to her death.
Though her film career lasted just five years and eleven films, Kelly's beauty and charm left an impression on the hearts of
Americans and all moviegoers that persists to this day.
Marriage
In April 1955, Grace Kelly was asked to head the U.S. delegation at the Cannes Film Festival. While there, she was invited to participate in a photo session at the Palace
of Monaco with Prince Rainier III, the ruling sovereign of the
principality. After a series of delays and complications, Kelly was finally able to make it to Monaco, where she met the
prince.
Upon returning to America, Grace began work on her next feature film, The
Swan, in which she coincidentally portrayed a princess. Meanwhile, she was privately beginning a correspondence with
Rainier. In December, Rainier came to America on a trip officially designated as a tour, although it was speculated that Rainier
was actively seeking a wife. A 1918 treaty with France stated that if Rainier did not produce an
heir, Monaco would revert to France. At a press conference in the United States, Rainier was asked if he was pursuing a wife, to
which he answered "No". A second question was asked, "If you were pursuing a wife, what kind would you like?" Rainier
smiled and answered, "I don't know—the best." Rainier met with Grace and her family, and after three days, the prince proposed.
Grace accepted and the families began preparing for what the press called "The Wedding of the Century". The wedding was set for
April 19, 1956.
News of the engagement was a sensation even though it meant the possible end to Grace's film career. Industry professionals
realized that it would have been an impracticality for her to continue acting and wished her well. Alfred Hitchcock had quipped that he was, "very happy that Grace has found herself such a good
part."
Preparations for the wedding were elaborate. The Palace of Monaco was painted and redecorated throughout. The voyage of the
American contingent to Monaco was an ordeal. On April 4, 1956, leaving from Pier 84 in New York
Harbor, Grace, with her family, bridesmaids, poodle, and over eighty pieces of luggage boarded the ocean liner
SS Constitution for the French Riviera. Some 400
reporters applied to sail, though most were turned away. Thousands of fans sent the party off for the 8 day voyage. In Monaco,
more than twenty-thousand people lined the streets to greet the future princess.
Princess of Monaco
Prince Rainier and Princess Grace on their wedding day in April 1956.
The wedding consisted of two ceremonies. On April 18, a 40-minute civil ceremony took place
in the Palace Throne Room, and was broadcast across Europe. To cap the ceremony, the 142 official titles (counterparts of
Rainier's) that Kelly acquired in the union were formally recited. The following day, the event concluded with the church
ceremony at Monaco's Saint Nicholas Cathedral. Grace's wedding dress,
designed by MGM's Academy Award-winning Helen
Rose, had been worked on by three dozen seamstresses for six weeks. The 600 guests included Hollywood stars
David Niven and his wife Hjordis, Gloria Swanson,
Ava Gardner, the crowned head Aga Khan, and
Conrad Hilton. Frank Sinatra initially accepted the
invitation to attend, but at the last minute decided otherwise, afraid of upstaging the bride on her wedding day.
Queen Elizabeth flatly refused to attend on the grounds of there
being "too many movie stars."[citation needed] The ceremony was watched by an estimated 30 million people on television.
The prince and princess left that night for their 7-week Mediterranean cruise
honeymoon on Rainier's yacht, Deo Juvante II.
Children and family
Nine months and four days after the wedding, Princess Grace gave birth to the royal couple's first child, Princess Caroline. 21 guns announced the event, a national holiday was called, gambling
ceased, and free champagne flowed throughout the principality. A little over a year later, 101 guns announced the birth of their
second child, Prince Albert. Prince Rainier and Princess Grace had three children:
Later years
Princess Grace at a press conference in Montreal, during
Expo 1967.
Shortly after their marriage, Prince Rainier banned the screening of her films in Monaco.[8] Princess Grace never returned to acting, choosing rather to fulfill her
responsibilities as the consort of Monaco's Prince. In 1962, when Hitchcock offered Grace the lead
in his film, Marnie, she was eager to take the opportunity to return to the screen.
Rainier consented, but public outcry against her involvement made her reconsider and ultimately reject the project. Director
Herbert Ross attempted to lure Princess Grace out of retirement for his 1977
The Turning Point, but Prince Rainier quashed the idea. Later that
year, Grace returned to the arts in a series of poetry readings on stage and the narration of the documentary The Children of
Theater Street. As princess, she was active in improving the arts institutions of Monaco, and eventually the Princess Grace
Foundation was formed to support local artisans. She was one of the first celebrities to support
and speak on behalf of La Leche League, an organization that advocates
breastfeeding; she planned a yearly Christmas party for local orphans, and dedicated a Garden Club that reflected her love of
flowers.
In 1981, the Prince and Princess celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary.
Speculation and gossip on personal life
Grace Kelly was the object of tabloid speculation and gossip throughout her life. Her love life was a particular focus of
speculation. Stories of affairs circulated from her first major role in motion pictures and eventually included the names of
almost every major actor at the time.
Grace and the Shah of Iran became acquainted near the end of 1949 at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel during the Shah's official
visit to America. Grace's childhood friend (and later, her bridesmaid) Maree Frisby Rambo said in an interview with biographer
Wendy Leigh that Kelly and the Shah had gone on at least six dates. The Shah had been the ruler of Iran since 1941, and was thirty years old at the time. The Shah besieged Kelly with
vast amounts of jewelery including: a gold birdcage housing a diamond sapphire bird, a gold
vanity case with a clasp set with thirty-two diamonds, and a gold bracelet with an intricate pearl and diamond face. Grace,
however, had no intentions of marrying the Shah, and immediately sent the gifts back. She decided to keep the jewels and later
presented the pieces to her bridesmaids as keepsakes on the eve of her wedding.[9] Despite the alleged brutality of the Shah's regime, Grace fiercely defended him until his
death.[10]
During the making of Dial M for Murder, Kelly seduced her co-star
Ray Milland; Milland was 24 years older than she, but just as charming and suave as he was
when she swooned over him years earlier as a teenager watching The Lost Weekend.
Milland was a married to Muriel Milland for thirty years, and the two had a son. Milland assured Kelly that he had left his wife,
which she would later find out to have been a lie.[11]
After Muriel Milland found out about the affair, she and Ray Milland separated, and Kelly was branded a homewrecker. Muriel
Milland was one of the most popular wives in Hollywood, and had the support of many friends, including gossip columnist
Hedda Hopper. After Kelly gave a press interview explaining her side of the story, the town
seemed to lose interest in the scandal.
It was reported to the press that Grace Kelly and Bing Crosby met for the first time when they were introduced during the
making of The Country Girl. This, however, was untrue. Sue Ladd, the widow of
Alan Ladd, told Grace Kelly biographer James Spada that while Bing's then wife Dixie was
battling terminal cancer, Bing and Grace had been trysting in the Ladds' home.[12] What Kelly didn't know was that by the time filming commenced on The Country Girl, Crosby
had already been dating actress Kathryn Grant. Three days before the date scheduled for
Crosby's marriage to Grant, he confessed to having had an affair with Grace Kelly, and that he no longer wished to marry her.
Unbeknownst to Kelly, Bing had continued to express his love for Grant throughout their affair despite Kelly's determination to
become Crosby's wife. Crosby later reconciled with Kathryn Grant and proposed to her once again, explaining to her that he had
broken off the relationship with Grace Kelly.
In a strange twist of fate, Russian fashion designer Oleg Cassini, having just seen
Mogambo earlier that evening, encountered Grace Kelly that same night having dinner at Le Veau d'Or. Cassini, who was
raised in Florence, having an abundance of charm and courtliness and whose ex-wife was actress
Gene Tierney, became just as captivated by Kelly in person, as he had previously watching
her in the film. Kelly's curiosity was soon piqued after she began receiving a bouquet of red roses every day. Cassini's
persistence paid off when Kelly accepted his invitation to lunch, with the provision that she bring her sister Peggy along. The
two became engaged within the first month of meeting. Their desire to marry quickly was later revealed to have been prompted by
the fact that she was pregnant. "The couple planned to have a small secret wedding, with Grace taking time off to have the baby,"
John Glatt wrote. "But at the last minute she changed her mind. Torn between her devout Catholic upbringing, her movie career and
her love of Cassini, Grace decided she could not risk a scandal. So, instead of going through with the marriage, she had an
abortion." When Cassini was asked by Glatt about the abortion, he remained defensive and
evasive, commenting that, "It's too delicate a matter. I don't have to answer this and I will make no comment about that.
Absolutely no comment. Let people think what they want to think," Cassini explained.[13][14]
In a 1960s interview, Kelly explained how she had grown to accept the scrutiny as a part of being in the public eye, but
expressed concern for her children’s exposure to such relentless scandalmongering. After her death, celebrity biographers
chronicled the rumors with renewed enthusiasm.
Death
Princess Grace and Prince Rainier in later years.
On September 13, 1982, while driving with her daughter
Stephanie to Monaco from their country
home, Princess Grace, then 52, suffered a stroke, causing her Rover
P6[15] to plunge 100 feet down a mountainside.
Princess Grace died the next day without regaining consciousness. It was initially reported that Princess Stephanie suffered only
minor bruising, although it later emerged that she had suffered a serious cervical fracture.[16] It was rumored that she had been driving on the same stretch of highway that
had been featured in her 1955 movie To Catch a Thief, although Kelly's son says that it was not.[17]
Princess Grace was buried in the Grimaldi family vault on September 18, 1982, after a requiem mass in Saint Nicholas Cathedral,
Monaco.[18] Prince Rainier, who never remarried after Kelly's death, was buried alongside her
following his death in 2005. The 400 guests at the service included representatives of foreign
governments and of present and past European royal houses, as well as several veteran US film stars. Nearly 100 million people
worldwide watched her funeral.[19]
In his eulogy, James Stewart said: "You know, I just love Grace Kelly. Not
because she was a princess, not because she was an actress, not because she was my friend, but because she was just about the
nicest lady I ever met. Grace brought into my life as she brought into yours, a soft, warm light every time I saw her, and every
time I saw her was a holiday of its own. No question, I'll miss her, we'll all miss her, God bless you, Princess Grace."
Legacy
The Princess Grace Foundation was founded in 1964 with the aim of helping those with special needs for whom no provision was
made within the ordinary social services. In 1983, following Princess Grace's death, Caroline, Princess of Hanover assumed the duties of President of the Board of Trustees of
the Foundation. Albert II, Prince of Monaco is Vice-President.[20]
On June 18, 1984, Prince Rainier inaugurated a public rose
garden in Monaco in Princess Grace's memory due to her passion for the flower.[21]
In 1993, Princess Grace became the first U.S. actress to appear on a U.S. postage stamp.[8]
On April 1, 2006, The Philadelphia Museum of Art presented an exhibition entitled, Fit for a Princess: Grace
Kelly's Wedding Dress, that ran through May 21, 2006. The
exhibition was in honor of Princess Grace and Prince Rainier's 50th wedding anniversary.[22]
Titles
- Miss Grace Patricia Kelly (1929-1956)
- Her Serene Highness Princess Grace of Monaco (1956-1982)
Selected filmography
Cultural references - Movie facts
- Kelly was featured on the cover of Time Magazine on January 31, 1955 ("Gentlemen prefer ladies.")
- Kelly was featured on the cover of Life Magazine three times: April 26, 1954 ("Hollywood's brightest and busiest new star"), April 11, 1955 ("Winner of the Academy Award"), and April 9, 1956 ("Education of a princess: for a movie and for real"). Princess
Grace was also mentioned on the March 1, 1983 cover that featured
Monaco's royal family.
- The French haute couture fashion house Hermès named
one of its most famous and now most sought-after products, the "Kelly Bag", after Grace Kelly. Waiting lists up to two years long
are not unusual for this handbag, and prices start at $5,000 for the small version in plain leather and exceed $50,000 for
crocodile skin or other unusual materials.
- Mika, a Beirut-born singer, scored a UK Number 1 single in 2007 with the song "Grace Kelly" in which he sings "I tried to be like Grace Kelly, but all her looks were too sad."
- Kelly is namechecked among the big stars in Madonna's 1990 single "Vogue".
- Grace Kelly is mentioned throughout The Princess Diaries, books by
'Princess Mia's' grandmother. Apparently, grandmère went through what is described as "a brief manic phase" in the 1980s when
Princess Grace died, and had eyeliner tattooed all the way around her eyes in this period.
- Los Angeles band, Eels, has a song titled "Grace Kelly Blues" on their album Daisies
of the Galaxy.
- Grace Kelly is mentioned often as a guest to Studio 54 in the movie 54.
- The Motion Sick have a song titled "Grace Kelly" on their debut album "Her Brilliant Fifteen".
References
- ^ Leigh, Wendy (March 2007). True Grace. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 0-312-34236-5.
- ^ Leigh, Wendy (March 2007). True Grace. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 0-312-34236-5.
- ^ Hedda Hopper
Collection. Maraget Herrick Library,
