mother

1. 1. A female person who is pregnant with or gives birth to a child.
   2. A female person whose egg unites with a sperm, resulting in the conception of a child.
   3. A woman who adopts a child.
   4. A woman who raises a child.
2. A female parent of an animal.
3. A female ancestor.
4. A woman who holds a position of authority or responsibility similar to that of a mother: a den mother.
5. Roman Catholic Church.
   1. A mother superior.
   2. Used as a form of address for such a woman.
6. A woman who creates, originates, or founds something: "the discovery of radium, which made Marie Curie mother to the Atomic Age" (Alden Whitman).
7. A creative source; an origin: Philosophy is the mother of the sciences.
8. Used as a title for a woman respected for her wisdom and age.
9. Maternal love and tenderness: brought out the mother in her.
10. The biggest or most significant example of its kind: the mother of all battles.
11. Vulgar Slang. Something considered extraordinary, as in disagreeableness, size, or intensity.

1. Relating to or being mother.
2. Characteristic of a mother: mother love.
3. Being the source or origin: the mother church.
4. Derived from or as if from one's mother; native: one's mother language.

1. To give birth to; create and produce.
2. To watch over, nourish, and protect maternally.

[Middle English moder, mother, from Old English mōdor. N., sense 10, translation of Iraqi Arabic 'umm. N., sense 11, short for MOTHERFUCKER.]

A stringy slime composed of yeast cells and bacteria that forms on the surface of fermenting liquids and is added to wine or cider to start the production of vinegar.

[Probably alteration (influenced by MOTHER¹) of obsolete Dutch moeder, from Middle Dutch, probably from moeder, mother of children.]

noun

1. A person from whom one is descended: ancestor, antecedent, ascendant, father, forebear, forefather, foremother, parent, progenitor. Archaic predecessor. See kin, precede/follow.
2. A point of origination: beginning, derivation, fount, fountain, fountainhead, origin, parent, provenance, provenience, root¹, rootstock, source, spring, well¹. See start/end.

Idioms beginning with mother:
mother of

In addition to the idiom beginning with mother, also see necessity is the mother of invention.

Definition: female animal which bears children
Antonyms: father

v

Definition: care for, spoil
Antonyms: father

In the event of Divorce, a mother may claim custody of her sons until they reach the age of six. Daughters remain with their mother until they marry, even if the mother has herself remarried, and their natural father must continue to provide for their upkeep in all cases (Even ha-Ezer 82:7). If, however, the court deems it more beneficial for a daughter to live with her father it may award him custody (Rema, ibid.). Although in Jewish law the father takes precedence over the mother (Kid. 28a), in practice both parents were seen as equally responsible for the upbringing of the child. The child, for his part, is instructed to accord equal honor and respect to both parents (Kid. 30b-31a; see Parent-Child Relations).

The mother is obligated to breast-feed her child unless the father can afford a wet nurse (Maim., Yad, Ishut 21:5, 13). She is exempt from various responsibilities toward the children that devolve upon the father such as the obligation to circumcise a son, educate the children, and provide sons with wives. Various other types nurturing were never specified as obligatory, since the sages believed that the mother was, by her nature, emotionally involved with her children and concerned for their welfare.

In spite of her legal exemption from involvement in the education of her children, the mother was traditionally the dominant presence in the Jewish household, leaving her stamp on her children through her constant contact with them. The father's position vis-à-vis the family was often somewhat more remote.

The traditional Jewish respect for the mother is echoed in R. Joseph's remark when he heard his mother approaching: "I must stand up, for the Divine Presence is entering," and in the Jewish proverb "God could not be everywhere, so he created mothers." (See also Husband-Wife Relationship.)

Maternal parent; in animals, usually called the dam.

• m. hairs — kemp hairs in the fleece of newborn lambs which are shed soon after birth and do not recur.
• m. of millions — see bryophyllum.
• m.–young relationship — the bond established between the newborn and the mother—a critical factor in maintaining high survival rates; a matter of great importance in enhancing lamb survival.

The mother bestows life, love, and nurturing. Seeing a child being nursed suggests shelter, comfort, and protection. Seeing one's own mother in the dream reflects guidance and care. Being the mother in a dream denotes taking care of self or of a significant relationship in the dreamer's life. Alternatively, a mother can be a negative symbol if one has unpleasant association's with one's own mother.

Mom, Mommy, Moms, and Mum redirect here. For other uses, see Mom (disambiguation), Mommy (disambiguation), Moms (disambiguation), and Mum (disambiguation).

"Motherhood" redirects here. For the upcoming comedy film, see Motherhood (film).

"Mothering" redirects here. For the bimonthly parenting magazine, see Mothering (magazine).

For other uses, see Mother (disambiguation).

Migrant Mother by Dorothea Lange

A mother is a biological and/or social female parent of an offspring.^[1] Because of the complexity and differences of a mothers' social, cultural, and religious definitions and roles, it is challenging to define a mother to suit a universally accepted definition.

Contents 1 Biological mother 2 Surrogate mother 3 Title 4 Social role 5 US Motherhood Statistics 6 Religious 7 Synonyms and translations 8 Famous motherhood figures 9 See also 10 References 11 Notes

Biological mother

In the case of a mammal such as a human, the biological mother gestates a fertilized ovum. As a viable fertilised ovum or "embryo" ideally develops into a fetus. Gestation occurs in the mother's uterus from conception until (under ideal circumstances, barring illness or defect) the fetus is sufficiently developed to be born. The mother experiences labor and gives birth. Once the child is born, the mother produces milk via the lactation process. The mother's breast milk is the source of anti-bodies for the infant's immune system and commonly the sole source of nutrition for the first year or more of the child's life.^[2][3][4]

Surrogate mother

Main article: Surrogacy

A surrogate mother is, commonly, a woman who bears the embryo to term for a couple biologically unable to have children. Upon the child’s birth, the surrogate mother surrenders all her rights and responsibilities to the child^[5] with sole intention of surrendering the infant to at least one of the biological parents. ^[6][7]

Title

Monumento a la Madre in Mexico City. The inscription translates as: "To her who loves us before she meets us."

The term mother is often given to a woman other than the biological parent, especially if she who fulfills the main social role in raising the child. This is commonly either an adoptive mother or a stepmother (the biologically unrelated wife of a child's father). In lesbian cultures, a non-biological mother, or so-called "othermother" exists.
Currently, with advances in reproductive technologies, the function of biological motherhood can be split between the genetic mother (who provides the ovum) and the gestational (commonly known as a surrogate) mother (who carries the pregnancy), and it is also poneither will serve as the social mother (the one who rears the child). A healthy connection between a mother and a child form a secure base, from which the child may later venture forth into the world.^[8]

Social role

See also: Sociology of motherhood

Mothers have historically fulfilled the primary role in raising children, but since the late 20th century, the role of the father in child care has been given greater prominence and social acceptance in some Western countries.^[9][10]

The social role and experience of motherhood varies greatly depending upon location. The organization Save the Children has (controversially) ranked the countries of the world, and found that Scandinavian countries are the safest places to give birth, whereas countries in sub-Saharan Africa are the least safest to give birth^[11]. This study argues a mother in the bottom ten ranked countries is over 750 times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth, compared to a mother in the top ten ranked countries, and a mother in the bottom ten ranked countries is 28 times more likely to see her child die before reaching their first birthday.

Mothers are more likely than fathers to encourage assimilative and communion-enhancing patterns in their children.^[12] Mothers are more likely than fathers to acknowledge their children's contributions in conversation.^{[13][14][15][16]} The way mothers speak to their children is better suited to support very young children in their efforts to understand speech (in context of the reference English) than fathers.^[13]

Since the 1970s, in vitro fertilization has made pregnancy possible at ages well beyond "natural" limits, generating ethical controversy and forcing significant changes in the social meaning of motherhood.^[17][18] This is, however a position highly biased by Western world locality: outside the Western world, in-vitro fertilization has far less prominence, importance or currency compared to primary, basic healthcare, womens' basic health, reducing infant mortality and the prevention of life-threatening diseases such as polio, typhus and malaria.

US Motherhood Statistics

Assorted and non-inclusive statistics on motherhood from the U.S. Census Bureau.^[19]

• 82.5 million women are mothers of all ages in the United States.
• 68% of women aged 15 to 44 are mothers in Mississippi, considered high in comparison to a national average for same age group of 56%.
• 82% of women aged 40 to 44 years old are mothers.
• 4.0 million women give birth annually, approximately 425,000 were teenage mothers (aged 15 to 19) and more than 100,000 were aged 40 or over.
• 25.1 years of age is the national average age of women for their first births, a record high an increase of 4 years since 1970.
• 40% of annual births are the mother’s first. Another 32 percent are the second-born; 17 percent, third; and 11 percent, fourth or more.
• 35,000 of births in 2002 were attended by physicians, midwives or others outside a hospital facility.
• 55% of mothers with infant children in 2002 were employed, down from the record 59 percent in 1998, the first significant decline since the Census Bureau began collating such data in 1976. In 1976, 31% of mothers with infants were employed.
• 63% of employed women with infant children are college-educated.
• 72% of employed women, between ages 15 and 44 are mothers without infants.
• 687,000 child day-care centers operated in the USA in 2002. Of these, 69,000 centers employed close to 750,000 workers and another 618,000 were self-employed persons or companies without paid employees. Many mothers use such centers to juggle the demands of motherhood and career.

Religious

Nearly all world religions define tasks or roles for mothers through either religious law or through the deification or glorification of mothers who served in substantial religious events. There are many examples of religious law relating to mothers and women.
Major world religions which have specific religious law or scriptural canon regarding mothers include: Christians,^[20] Jews,^[21] and Muslims.^[22] Some examples of glorification or deification include the Madonna or Blessed Virgin Mother Mary for Christians, the Hindu Mother Goddess, or Demeter of ancient Greek pre-Christian belief.
In Islam, the Q'uran dictates the mother occupying an importance and position three times superior to that of the father. However, while the mother is considered the most important member of the family, she is not the head of the family.^{[citation needed]}

Synonyms and translations

Main article: Mama and papa

The proverbial "first word" of an infant often sounds like "ma" or "mama". This strong association of that sound with "mother" has persisted in nearly every language on earth, countering the natural localization of language.

Familiar or colloquial terms for mother in English are:

• mom or mommy, in most of North America (especially the U.S.).
• mum or mummy, is used in the UK, Canada, Netherlands, Singapore, Australia, and New Zealand
• Ma, Mam or Mammy is used in Ireland and sometimes in the UK and the US.
• Maa, Amma, Mata is used in India and sometimes in neighboring countries, originating from the Sanskrit matrika and mata
• "mama" is used in many countries, but is considered a Spanish form of "mother"

The Hindu mother goddess Parvati feeding her son, the elephant-headed wisdom god Ganesha

In many other languages, similar pronunciations apply:

• mama in Polish and Slovak
• māma (妈妈/媽媽) in Chinese and Japanese
• máma in Czech
• maman in French and Persian
• ma, mama or Ibu in Indonesian language
• mamma in Italian and Icelandic
• mãe in Portuguese
• Ami in Punjabi
• mama in Swahili
• eema (אמא) in Hebrew
• má or mẹ in Vietnamese
• mam in Welsh
• eomma (엄마, pronounced [ʌmma]) in Korean
• In many south Asian cultures and the Middle East the mother is known as amma or oma or ammi or "ummi", or variations thereof. Many times these terms denote affection or a maternal role in a child's life.

Famous motherhood figures

Charity by Bouguereau 1878

• Ammachi
• Bachue
• Bithiah
• Demeter
• Dewi Sri- Javanese pre-Hindu, pre-Islamic era fertility and rice Goddess still widely worshiped today.
• Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist
• Eve, mother of Cain and Able
• Gaia
• Hagar
• Isis
• Jijabai
• Jocasta, mother of Oedipus, important in Freudian psychology
• Juno
• Kwan Yin
• Queen Maya
• Euripides' Medea
• Mary (mother of Jesus)
• Naomi (Bible)
• Parvati
• Rani Lakshmibai
• Sita
• Venus

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mothers

Look up mother in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Mary
• Attachment parenting
• Breastfeeding
• Human bonding
• Jungian archetypes
• Lactation
• Matriarch
• Matricide
• Mother Goose
• Matrilocal residence
• Mother insult
• Mother ship
• Mother goddess
• Mother Superior or Abbess
• Mother's Day
• Mothers rights
• Nuclear family
• Oedipus complex
• Othermother
• Parenting
• Single-parent
• The mother of all
• Your mom

References

• "The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality", By Randy Thornhill, Steven W. Gangestad ^[23]
• "Motherhood - How should we care for our children?", By Anne Manne^[24]
• "Mother nature: maternal instincts and how they shape the human species", By Sarah Blaffer Hrdy ^[25]

Notes

1. ^ http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mother
2. ^ http://www.dhushara.com/paradoxhtm/biology.htm
3. ^ GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
4. ^ Chapter 46 ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
5. ^ http://www.yourdictionary.com/law/surrogate-mother
6. ^ http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surrogate_mother.
7. ^ Surrogate motherhood By Larry Ogalthorpe Gostin
8. ^ Diane S. Feinberg, M.Ed. The Importance of Mother and Child Attachment
9. ^ "In most Western countries the family model of a sole male breadwinner is in full retreat." Accessed 19 September 2007.
10. ^ Why Are Fathers Important? Interview with Dr. Ross Parke, professor of psychology at the University of California at Riverside, author of Fatherhood (1966) and co-author of Throwaway Dads (1999). Accessed 19 September 2007.
11. ^ Save the Children, State of the World's Mothers Report 2006.
12. ^ Gendered differences in parents' encouragement of sibling interaction: implications for the construction of a personal premise system
13. ^ ^{a b} Fathers' speech to their children: perfect pitch or tin ear?
14. ^ Hladik, E., & Edwards, H. (1984). A comparison of mother-father speech in the naturalistic home environment. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 13, 321-332.
15. ^ Leaper, C., Anderson, K., & Sanders, P. (1998). Moderators of gender effects on parents' talk to their children: A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 34, 3-27.
16. ^ Mannle, S., & Tomasello, M. (1987). Fathers, siblings, and the bridge hypothesis. In K.E. Nelson & A. vanKleeck (Eds.), Children's language, Vol. 6, (pp. 23-42). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. ^ Motherhood: Is It Ever Too Late?, July 15, 2009
18. ^ Getting Pregnant After 50: Risks, Rewards July 17, 2009
19. ^ http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/004109.html
20. ^ "What The Bible Says About Mother". http://www.mothersdayworld.com/mothers-day-quotes/bible-verses-on-mother.html. Retrieved 2008-11-24. 
21. ^ Katz, Lisa. "Religious Obligations of Jewish women". About.com. http://judaism.about.com/cs/women/f/women_mitzvot.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-24. 
22. ^ ‘Ali Al-Hashimi, Muhammad. The Ideal Muslimah: The True Islâmic Personality of the Muslim Woman as Defined in the Qur’ân and Sunnah. http://www.wefound.org/texts/Ideal_Muslims_files/herchildren.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-24. 
23. ^ "The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality", By Randy Thornhill, Steven W. Gangestad
24. ^ "Motherhood - How should we care for our children?", By Anne Manne
25. ^ "Mother nature: maternal instincts and how they shape the human species", By Sarah Blaffer Hrdy

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Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - mor, moder
adj. - moder-
v. tr. - være mor til, være som en mor for, være ophav til, anerkende som sit barn, opfostre
v. intr. - være moderlig

idioms:

• mother country    fædreland, moderland (i forb. m. kolonier)
• mother figure    moderskikkelse
• Mother of God    madonna, jomfru Maria etc.
• mother of pearl    perlemor
• Mother Superior    priorinde (kirke), abbedisse
• mother tongue    modersmål
• mother wit    almindelig sund fornuft
• Mother's Day    mors dag
• Mothering Sunday    fjerde søndag i fasten (på landet skik at besøge forældre og give dem gaver)

2.
n. - moder

3.
n. - kort for motherfucker

Nederlands (Dutch)
moeder, bron, moeder-overste, broedmachine, azijnmoer, bemoederen, moederen over, baren, moeder-

Français (French)
1.
n. - mère, maman, (Relig) Mère
adj. - maternel, (Dame) nature, qui ravitaille, inné, (langue) maternelle
v. tr. - materner, dorloter (péj)
v. intr. - donner naissance à, produire, protéger, nourrir

idioms:

• mother country    mère patrie
• mother figure    image de la mère
• Mother of God    Marie, mère de Dieu
• mother of pearl    nacre
• Mother Superior    Mère supérieure
• mother tongue    langue maternelle
• mother wit    le bon sens inné
• Mother's Day    fête des mères
• Mothering Sunday    fête des mères

2.
n. - mère (de vinaigre)

3.
n. - fils de pute (injur, arg)

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - Mutter
adj. - Mutter-
v. - bemuttern

idioms:

• mother country    Mutterland
• mother figure    Mutterfigur
• Mother of God    Muttergottes
• mother of pearl    Perlmutt
• Mother Superior    Äbtissin
• mother tongue    Muttersprache
• mother wit    Mutterwitz
• Mother's Day    Muttertag
• Mothering Sunday    Muttertag

2.
n. - Essigmutter

3.
n. - (Sl) Arschloch, (Sl) Saftsack

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - μητέρα, μάνα
v. - νταντεύω, κανακεύω, ανατρέφω, (μτφ.) ανασταίνω
adj. - μητρικός

idioms:

• mother country    γενέτειρα, πατρίδα
• mother figure    μητρικό πρότυπο
• Mother of God    Μητέρα του Θεανθρώπου
• mother of pearl    σεντέφι, μάργαρος
• Mother Superior    (θρησκ.) Ηγουμένη (μοναστηριού)
• mother tongue    μητρική γλώσσα
• mother wit    λαϊκή σοφία
• Mother's Day    η ημέρα της μητέρας
• Mothering Sunday    Κυριακή του Μεσοσαράκοστου

Italiano (Italian)
fare da mamma a, madre, mamma, materno

idioms:

• mother country    patria
• mother figure    figura materna
• Mother of God    madre di Dio
• mother of pearl    madreperla
• Mother Superior    madre superiora
• mother tongue    lingua madre
• mother wit    buon senso
• Mother's Day    festa della mamma
• Mothering Sunday    festa della mamma, quarta domenica di Quaresima

Português (Portuguese)
n. - mãe (f), madre (f), matriz (f)
v. - ser mãe, dar origem a, reconhecer maternidade ou autoria (fig.)
adj. - maternal

idioms:

• mother country    mãe-pátria (f), metrópole (f)
• mother figure    figura materna (f)
• Mother of God    Virgem Maria (f)
• mother of pearl    madrepérola (f)
• Mother Superior    Madre Superiora (f)
• mother tongue    vernáculo (m), língua materna (f)
• mother wit    bom senso (m)
• Mother's Day    Dia das Mães (m)
• Mothering Sunday    Dia das Mães (m) (ant.)

Русский (Russian)
мать, источник, относиться по-матерински, усыновлять, признавать себя матерью

idioms:

• mother country    родина
• mother figure    лицо, наделенное рядом черт, свойственных матери
• Mother of God    фева Мария
• mother of pearl    перламутр, перламутровый
• Mother Superior    мать-настоятельница
• mother tongue    родной язык
• mother wit    природный ум
• Mother's Day    фень Матери (2е воскресенье мая)
• Mothering Sunday    четвертое воскресенье великого поста

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - madre, matriz, mamá
adj. - madre, maternal, materno, nodriza, innato, nativo, madre tierra, buque madre, lengua materna
v. tr. - dar a luz, servir de madre de, concebir, reconocerse autor de, cuidar como una madre, cuidar como a un hijo, mimar
v. intr. - reconocerse autor de

idioms:

• mother country    madre patria, suelo natal
• mother figure    figura maternal
• Mother of God    Madre de Dios
• mother of pearl    madreperla, nácar
• Mother Superior    madre superiora, superiora
• mother tongue    lengua materna
• mother wit    sentido común, inteligencia natural
• Mother's Day    día de la Madre
• Mothering Sunday    día de la Madre

2.
n. - fermento madre

3.
n. - hijo de puta

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - moder, upphov, gumman, abbedissa, husmor, matris, hysteri
v. - sätta till världen, fostra, erkänna som sitt barn, beskydda
adj. - moder-

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
1. 母亲, 起源, 根由, 妈妈, 大娘, 大妈, 母亲的, 妈妈的, 像母亲一般地照料, 生下, 对...过分照顾, 产生出

idioms:

• mother country    祖国, 发源地
• mother figure    母亲的化身, 慈母般的人, 慈爱的人
• Mother of God    圣母玛利亚
• mother of pearl    珠母层, 珍珠母
• Mother Superior    女修道院院长
• mother tongue    母语, 本国语
• mother wit    常识, 天生的智慧
• Mother's Day    母亲节
• Mothering Sunday    省亲星期日, 拜望双亲日

2. 修女院长

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
1.
n. - 修女院長

2.
n. - 母親, 起源, 根由, 媽媽, 大娘, 大媽
adj. - 母親的, 媽媽的
v. tr. - 像母親一般地照料, 生下, 對...過分照顧, 產生出

idioms:

• mother country    祖國, 發源地
• mother figure    母親的化身, 慈母般的人, 慈愛的人
• Mother of God    聖母瑪利亞
• mother of pearl    珠母層, 珍珠母
• Mother Superior    女修道院院長
• mother tongue    母語, 本國語
• mother wit    常識, 天生的智慧
• Mother's Day    母親節
• Mothering Sunday    省親星期日, 拜望雙親日

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 어머니
adj. - 어머니의, 모국의
v. tr. - 어머니로서 돌보다, 낳다, ~의 어머니임을 시인하다
v. intr. - 어머니가 되다

2.
n. - 초모

3.
n. - 야비한 사람

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 母, 生みの親, 女子修道院長, 母性, 酢母
adj. - 母の, 本国の
v. - 母として世話をする, 過保護に扱う, 産む, 産み出す, 母となる

idioms:

• mother country    母国, 本国
• mother figure    典型的母親像
• Mother of God    神の母
• mother of pearl    真珠層
• Mother Superior    女子修道院長
• mother tongue    母国語, 母語, 祖語
• mother wit    生まれつきの知恵, 常識

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) أم (فعل) ترعي, تتبنى, تنجب, تعترف بأمومتها (صفه) إمايه‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮אם, אמא, אם-בית, מאמצת, תכונה המעוררת תכונה אחרת, נזירה ראשית‬
adj. - ‮בעלת סמכות אימהית, מרכיב או חלק ראשי, קיים מלידה‬
v. tr. - ‮ילדה, אימצה, הגנה או טיפלה כאם, גידלה, היתה המקור ל-, הכירה באימהותה על‬
v. intr. - ‮תפקדה כאם‬
n. - ‮חומר מעורר תסיסה (בחומר אחר)‬
n. - ‮אדם נתעב (לשון קללה בצפון אמריקה)‬

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