- The profession of a nurse.
- The tasks or care of a nurse.
nursing
Did you mean: nursing (in medicine), Nursing (in poker), nurse, Nursing in the United Kingdom, suckling
Dictionary:
nurs·ing (nûr'sĭng)  |
n.
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| Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: nursing |
For more information on nursing, visit Britannica.com.
| Sci-Tech Encyclopedia: Nursing |
The application of principles from the basic sciences, social sciences, and humanities to assist healthy and sick individuals and their families or other caring persons in performing those activities that contribute to the individuals' physical and mental well-being and that they would perform unaided if able to do so. Nursing includes providing physical and emotional care, promoting comfort, serving as patient advocates, assisting in rehabilitative efforts, teaching self-care and health promotion activities, and administering treatments prescribed by a licensed physician or dentist. Patient-care activities are conceived and coordinated so as to help individuals gain independence as rapidly as possible or maintain an optimal level of function. When multiple health-care providers are involved, nursing coordinates patient-care efforts to improve the quality of care.
Nursing practice is conducted in a variety of settings, including hospitals, community facilities, private homes, nursing homes, schools, industry, physician's offices, the military, and civil service arenas. Standards for nursing practice and licensure are governed by state nurse practice acts and are directed by professional nursing organizations.
Two types of nurses are legally recognized in the United States: the registered professionalnurse and the licensed practical nurse. Licensed practical or vocational nurses (LPNs or LVNs) are trained to perform uncomplicated patient-care tasks in hospitals or other health-care facilities under the aegis of registered nurses or physicians. See also Medicine.
| Dental Dictionary: nursing |
n
1. the performance of those activities that contribute to the health or recovery of a patient (or to a peaceful death). n 2. the application of prescribed therapies and the management of the patient and environment to assist in healing.
| US History Encyclopedia: Nursing |
Prior to the Civil War, nursing in the United States was generally a casual or self-declared occupation practiced as a form of domestic service rather than a skilled craft or a profession. Americans obtained the majority of their health care at home, where family members and friends attended to their needs.
Antebellum Nursing
On plantations in the antebellum South black female slaves acted as midwives, provided child care, and performed other nursing duties for both whites and blacks. Male nurses composed the majority of hospital workers in the handful of established marine and charity hospitals of the mid-nineteenth century. Hospital officials often hired former hospital patients who had no formal training in medicine or nursing. The forces that supplanted the untrained nurse did not come into play until the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. New and centralized technologies fueled the rise of hospital-based care. A greater acceptance of surgical procedures, urbanization, and nurses' own efforts to grapple with social problems culminated in the ascent of the trained nurse.
The idea of nursing—middle-class women managing and supervising the preparation of food, supplies, and linens and administering medications and treatments—gained momentum during the Civil War (1861–1865). Approximately twenty thousand women volunteers worked in military hospitals, but almost none had any hospital or practical training in nursing. Union hospitals hired female nurses to complement the staff of male nurses, convalescent soldiers, and male ward masters responsible for day-to-day supervision. In Confederate hospitals significantly fewer Southern women worked as nurses. Black male slaves bathed and fed patients daily. Catholic nuns played a unique role, nursing wounded soldiers from both the Confederate and Union armies. When the war ended, medical departments dismantled their massive hospital complexes, and most of the female nurses returned to teaching, domestic service, writing, family, and marriage.
Occasionally reformers extolled the benefits of trained nurses and the specific suitability of women for that role, but the goal of a trained nurse attendant languished for more than a decade after the Civil War. The 1880 census revealed that, while over ten thousand nurses were available for hire, fewer than 1 percent were graduates of hospital nursing courses. By 1873 only four schools of nursing existed in the United States: the New England Hospital for Women and Children and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, New Haven Hospital in Connecticut, and Bellevue Hospital in New York City. Over the next quarter century Americans witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of nursing schools from slightly over 400 in 1900 to approximately 1,200 by 1910. Among African American women, the number of hospital-trained graduates did not keep pace. Racial quotas in northern nursing schools and outright exclusion from training schools in the South limited their access to training. In 1879 the first African American woman graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston. Hospital schools with the explicit mission of training black nurses to serve the African American community opened their doors in the late nineteenth century: Spelman Seminary in Atlanta (1886), Hampton Institute in Virginia (1891), Providence Hospital in Chicago (1891), and Tuskegee Institute in Alabama (1892).
Nursing Education
By the beginning of the twentieth century middle-class Americans accepted nursing as a worthy albeit demanding vocation for young women. The women who entered nursing schools encountered an unregulated and often exploitative field. Hospital administrators opened nursing programs to avail their hospitals of a cost-effective student labor force. Nursing students practiced their skills as apprentices under the supervision of second-and third-year nursing students. Most schools offered limited courses in basic anatomy, physiology, or biology, and student nurses did not systematically rotate through all medical specialties.
Nursing leaders and educators, aware of the poor formal instruction in most hospital-based programs, pushed for fundamental reforms in nursing education and national legislation governing the licensing and practice of nursing. College-based nursing programs received a welcome endorsement when Columbia University appointed Mary Adelaide Nutting the first full-time professor of nursing in 1907. Nutting and her nursing colleagues established the American Journal of Nursing in 1900. Nurses revealed a growing professional awareness when they reorganized several professional nurses' groups under one national organization, the American Nurses Association (ANA), in 1912. That year the National Organization for Public Health Nursing organized its charter. Black graduate nurses, excluded from full representation in the ANA until 1951, established the National Association of Graduate Colored Nurses (NAGCN) in 1908, and Mabel Keaton Staupers served as the organization's first executive director (1934–1946). Although African American nurses grappled with the same professional issues as their white counterparts, racial discrimination and dismal employment opportunities amplified the black nurses' struggles.
Nursing in the Armed Forces
The exegesis of war created a receptive environment for nurses to press their grievances and further their professional goals while providing a crucial service to the nation. When military leaders reluctantly established the Volunteer Hospital Corps for female nurses during the Spanish-American War (1898), nursing leaders insisted on trained applicants from accredited nursing schools. In 1901 the Army Nurse Corps became a permanent service within the Medical Department, and the Navy Nurse Corps followed in 1908. Military medical officials in concert with nursing educators standardized and improved nursing education and established the Army School of Nursing in 1918 to meet the demands of World War I. During World War II the U.S. government agreed to award officer's rank to military nurses. Congressional leaders agreed to subsidize nursing schools and nursing education to attract women to nursing, a boon for all nurses but of special importance to black women. Black nursing leaders vigorously lobbied military officials, who finally agreed to desegregate the Navy Nurse Corps in 1948. Throughout the history of military conflict in the United States, nurses overwhelmingly established their ability to handle the intensity and stresses of wartime nursing, characteristics readily apparent in Korea and Vietnam, where nurses staffed Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals (MASH).
Male nurses did not share equally from the advances in military nursing or the softening of cultural boundaries defining sex-stereotyped roles that came out of the women's movement. Until the mid-twentieth century only a limited number of schools accepted male applicants. State boards of nursing restricted licensure for men, and as far back as the Spanish-American War military officials pointedly refused to accept male applicants in any branch of the Nursing Corps. Nursing remained one of the most thoroughly feminized occupations in the United States with women making up almost 90 percent of all nursing school graduates in 1990.
Nursing in the twenty-first century became a multi-tiered career. Registered nurses worked in every facet of acute and long-term care; they staffed public, industrial, and community health departments, and they achieved diverse skills and specialization of practice. Nurses who obtain postgraduate degrees enhance their role as providers of health care as nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, nursing educators, and researchers. With degrees in finance and business, nurses have also broadened their job choices as hospital and health-care institution administrators.
Bibliography
Hines, Darlene Clark. Black Women in White: Racial Conflict and Cooperation in the Nursing Profession, 1890–1950. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.
Kalisch, Philip A., and Beatrice J. Kalisch. The Advance of American Nursing. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986.
Maher, Mary Denis. To Bind Up the Wounds: Catholic Sister Nurses in the U.S. Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999.
Mottus, Jane E. New York Nightingales: The Emergence of the Nursing Profession at Bellevue and New York Hospital, 1850–1920. Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Research Press, 1981.
Rosenberg, Charles E. The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America's Hospital System. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
Schultz, Jane E. "The Inhospitable Hospital: Gender and Professionalism in Civil War Medicine." Signs 17, no. 2 (1992): 363–392.
| Columbia Encyclopedia: nursing |
nursing, science of providing continuous care for sick or infirm people. While nursing as an occupation has always existed, it is only in fairly recent years that it has developed as a specialized profession.
The Modern Profession
Nursing candidates must prepare by a rigorous course of training that includes a thorough grounding in anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, the cause and treatment of disease, the intricacies of nutrition and diet, surgical skills, and a variety of techniques pertaining to patient care. Many nurses also prepare for more specialized work, such as the care of newborn infants, maternity patients, or the mentally ill, or for duties in the operating room.
Training for a career as a registered nurse (RN) can be met by several means: a two-year course at a junior college or a four-year degree program at a college or university. (Three-year courses given by hospitals are being phased out because of high costs.) Emphasis on college education for nurses is on the upsurge, because greater knowledge is required to apply the latest methods of diagnosis and therapy. Training includes both classroom study and actual hospital practice, and the graduate must still be examined and licensed by the state. This applies also to women in religious orders who train and work as nursing sisters.
The age limits and educational requirements for practical nurses are less stringent, and the period of training is much shorter, usually one year. The terms "licensed practical nurse" (LPN) and "licensed vocational nurse" (LVN) are interchangeable. Sufficient training is given to such men and women to enable them to care for and feed patients, administer medication, and perform other routine duties; however, they are always under the direct supervision of registered nurses. LPNs are generally examined and licensed by the state.
For most specialized work and teaching, nurses must complete a course leading to a master's degree or doctorate. Specializations include nurse anesthetist, which originated at the beginning of the 20th cent., and such recently established ones as nurse practitioner (licensed to perform physical examinations and other procedures under a physician's supervision), nurse midwife (see midwifery), and nurse clinician. In addition to duties in the hospital or in the home there are many fields open to the professional nurse, such as the Red Cross, military service, public health, health insurance companies, industry, and teaching. Some nurse practitioners have become primary health-care providers, opening practices on their own (without physician supervision), and some have been accredited as such by large health maintenance organizations.
History of Nursing
In ancient times, when medical lore was associated with good or evil spirits, the sick were usually cared for in temples and houses of worship. In the early Christian era nursing duties were undertaken by certain women in the church, their services being extended to patients in their homes. These women had no real training by today's standards, but experience taught them valuable skills, especially in the use of herbs and drugs, and some gained fame as the physicians of their era. In later centuries, however, nursing duties fell mostly to relatively ignorant women.
In the 17th cent., St. Vincent de Paul began to encourage women to undertake some form of training for their work, but there was no real hospital training school for nurses until one was established in Kaiserwerth, Germany, in 1846. There, Florence Nightingale received the training that later enabled her to establish, at St. Thomas's Hospital in London, the first school designed primarily to train nurses rather than to provide nursing service for the hospital. Similar schools were established in 1873 in New York City, New Haven (Conn.), and Boston. Nursing subsequently became one of the most important professions open to women until the social changes wrought by the revival of the feminist movement that began in the 1960s (see feminism). The late 20th cent. saw growing nursing shortages in U.S. hospitals as stagnant salaries, increasing workloads, and greater job opportunities for women led to falling enrollments in nursing degree programs.
Bibliography
See studies by V. and B. Bullough (1978), M. Baly (1986), M. P. Donahue (1986), and S. Nelson (2001).
| Wikipedia: Nursing |
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) |
For other uses, see Nursing (disambiguation).
Nursing is a healthcare profession focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life from birth to the end of life.
Nurses work in a large variety of specialties where they work independently and as part of a team to assess, plan, implement and evaluate care.
Contents |
History of nursing
Main article: Timeline of nursing history
See also: Category:Nurses and Category:Nursing museums
Nursing comes in various forms in every culture, although the definition of the term and the practice of nursing has being known as a wet nurse and the latter being known as a dry nurse.[1] In the 15th century, this developed into the idea of looking after or advising another, not necessarily meaning a woman looking after a child.[1] Nursing has continued to develop in this latter sense, although the idea of nourishing in the broadest sense refers in modern nursing to promoting quality of life.
Prior to the foundation of modern nursing, nuns and the military often provided nursing-like services.[2] The religious and military roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today in many countries, for example in the United Kingdom, senior female nurses are known as ‘‘sisters’’. It was during time of war that a significant development in nursing history arose when English nurse Florence Nightingale, working to improve conditions of soldiers in the Crimean War, laid the foundation stone of professional nursing with the principles summarised in the book Notes on Nursing. Other important nurses in the development of the profession include: Mary Seacole, who also worked as a nurse in the Crimea; Agnes Elizabeth Jones and Linda Richards, who established quality nursing schools in the USA and Japan, and Linda Richards who was officially America's first trained nurse, graduating in 1873 from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston.
New Zealand was the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses Registration Act on the 12th of September, 1901. Ellen Dougherty was the first registered nurse. North Carolina was the first state in the United States to pass a nursing licensure law in 1903.[3]
Nurses have experienced difficulty with the hierarchy in medicine that has resulted in an impression that nurses primary purpose is to follow the direction of medics.[4] This tendency is certainly not observed in Nightingale's Notes on Nursing, where the doctors are mentioned relatively infrequently and often in critical tones, particularly relating to bedside manner.[5]
The modern era has seen the development of nursing degrees and nursing has numerous journals to broaden the knowledge base of the profession. Nurses are often in key management roles within health services and hold research posts at universities.
Nursing as a profession
The authority for the practice of nursing is based upon a social contract that delineates professional rights and responsibilities as well as mechanisms for public accountability. In almost all countries, nursing practice is defined and governed by law, and entrance to the profession is regulated at national or state level.
The aim of the nursing community worldwide is for its professionals to ensure quality care for all, while maintaining their credentials, code of ethics, standards, and competencies, and continuing their education.[6] There are a number of educational paths to becoming a professional nurse, which vary greatly worldwide, but all involve extensive study of nursing theory and practice and training in clinical skills.
Nurses care for individuals who are healthy and ill, of all ages and cultural backgrounds, and who have physical, emotional, psychological, intellectual, social, and spiritual needs. The profession combines physical science, social science, nursing theory, and technology in caring for those individuals.
In order to work in the nursing profession, all nurses hold one or more credentials depending on their scope of practice and education. A Licensed practical nurse (LPN) (also referred to as a Licensed vocational nurse, Registered practical nurse, Enrolled nurse, and State enrolled nurse) works under a Registered nurse. A Registered nurse (RN) provides scientific, psychological, and technological knowledge in the care of patients and families in many health care settings. Registered nurses may also earn additional credentials or degrees enabling them to work under different titles.
Nurses may follow their personal and professional interests by working with any group of people, in any setting, at any time. Some nurses follow the traditional role of working in a hospital setting.
Nursing practice
Main article: Nursing practice
Nursing practice is primarily the caring relationship between the nurse and the person in their care. In providing nursing care, nurses are implementing the nursing care plan, which is based on a nursing assessment.
Definition
Although nursing practice varies both through its various specialities and countries, these nursing organizations offer the following definitions:
Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.
The use of clinical judgement in the provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain, or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death."
Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responses; and advocacy in health care for individuals, families, communities, and populations.
The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.
Nursing theory and process
Main articles: Nursing theory and Nursing process
In general terms, the nursing process is the method used to assess and diagnose needs, plan and implement interventions, and evaluate the outcomes of the care provided. Like other disciplines, the profession has developed different theories derived from sometimes diverse philosophical beliefs and paradigms or worldviews to help nurses direct their activities to accomplish specific goals. Currently, two paradigms exist in nursing, the totality paradigm and the simultaneity paradigm.
Practice settings
Nurses practice in a wide range of settings, from hospitals to visiting people in their homes and caring for them in schools to research in pharmaceutical companies. Nurses work in occupational health settings (also called industrial health settings), free-standing clinics and physician offices, nurse-run clinics, long-term care facilities and camps. They also work on cruise ships and in military service. Nurses act as advisers and consultants to the healthcare and insurance industries. Some are attorneys and others work with attorneys as legal nurse consultants, reviewing patient records to assure that adequate care was provided and testifying in court. Nurses can work on a temporary basis, which involves doing shifts without a contact in a variety of settings, sometimes known as per diem nursing, agency nursing or travel nursing. Nurses work as researchers in laboratories, universities and research institutions.
Work Environment
Internationally, there is a serious shortage of nurses.[10] One reason for this shortage is due to the work environment in which nurses practice. In a recent review of the empirical human factors and ergonomic literature specific to nursing performance, nurses were found to work in generally poor environmental conditions. DeLucia, Ott, & Palmieri (2009) concluded, "the profession of nursing as a whole is overloaded because there is a nursing shortage. Individual nurses are overloaded. They are overloaded by the number of patients they oversee. They are overloaded by the number of tasks they perform. They work under cognitive overload, engaging in multitasking and encountering frequent interruptions. They work under perceptual overload due to medical devices that do not meet perceptual requirements (Morrow et al., 2005), insufficient lighting, illegible handwriting, and poor labeling designs. They work under physical overload due to long work hours and patient handling demands which leads to a high incidence of MSDs. In short, the nursing work system often exceeds the limits and capabilities of human performance. HF/E research should be conducted to determine how these overloads can be reduced and how the limits and capabilities of performance can be accommodated. Ironically, the literature shows that there are studies to determine whether nurses can effectively perform tasks ordinarily performed by physicians. Results indicate that nurses can perform such tasks effectively. Nevertheless, already overloaded nurses should not be given more tasks to perform. When reducing the overload, it should be kept in mind that underloads also can be detrimental to performance (Mackworth, 1948). Considering both overloads and underloads are important to consider for improving performance." [11]
Regulation of practice
The practice of nursing is governed by laws that define a scope of practice, generally mandated by the legislature of the political division within which the nurse practices. Nurses are held legally responsible and accountable for their practice. The standard of care is that of the "prudent nurse."
Nursing specialties
Main article: List of nursing specialties
Nursing is the most diverse of all healthcare professions. Nurses practice in a wide range of settings but generally nursing is divided depending on the needs of the person being nursed.
The major divisions are:-
- the nursing of people with mental health problems - Psychiatric and mental health nursing
- the nursing of people with learning or developmental disabilities - Learning disability nursing (UK)
- the nursing of children - Pediatric nursing.
- the nursing of older adults - Geriatric nursing
- the nursing of people in acute care and long term care institutional settings.
- the nursing of people in their own homes - Home health nursing (US), District nursing and Health visiting (UK). See also Live-in nurse
There are also specialist areas such as cardiac nursing, orthopedic nursing, palliative care, perioperative nursing and oncology nursing, or the specialization to cancer.
Nursing by country
Further information: Nurse#Nursing around the world
See also
 |
The Wikibook Careers has a page on the topic of |
- Nurse
- Nursing practice
- List of nursing specialties
- List of nurses
- Prominent nurses category
- Nurse-client relationship
- Nursing school
- Master of Science in Nursing
- Traditional Nurse's Uniform
- Modern Nurse's Uniform (Scrubs)
References
- ^ a b "Nurse". The Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition. 10. Oxford University Press. 1989. pp. p603-604. ISBN 0198611862.
- ^ Florence Nightingale (1820 — 1910)
- ^ UNC-TV Nursing Then and Now Retrieved July 2009
- ^ Radcliffe, Mark (2000). "Doctors and nurses: new game, same result". British Medical Journal 320 (1085): 1085. doi:. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/320/7241/1085. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
- ^ Nightingale, Florence (1860) Notes on Nursing Full text online Accessed 14 August 2007
- ^ a b International Council of Nurses Accessed August 2007
- ^ RCN (2003) Defining nursing Retrieved April 2007
- ^ ANA Considering Nursing Retrieved July 2009
- ^ Contemporary Nurse Virginia Henderson Retrieved July 2009
- ^ BMJ (2002) Global Nursing Shortages Retrieved July 2009
- ^ DeLucia, P. R., Ott, T. E., & Palmieri, P. A. (in press). "Performance in nursing". Reviews in Human Factors and Ergonomics (Human Factors and Ergonomics Society) 5.
External links
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| Translations: Nursing |
Dansk (Danish)
n. - sygepleje, barnepleje
idioms:
- nursing bra amme-bh
- nursing home plejehjem
- nursing officer plejehjemsforstander
Nederlands (Dutch)
verpleegkunde, ziekenverpleging, verpleegkundig, verzorgend
Français (French)
n. - profession d'infirmier, soins, allaitement
idioms:
- nursing bra soutien-gorge d'allaitement
- nursing home maison de retraite, maison de repos, (GB) clinique, maternité obstétrique
- nursing officer responsable des soins
Deutsch (German)
n. - Krankenpflege, Stillen
idioms:
- nursing bra BH für stillende Mütter
- nursing home Pflegeheim, Privatklinik
- nursing officer Oberschwester
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - επάγγελμα νοσοκόμου
attrib. - νοσηλευτικός
idioms:
- nursing bra στηθόδεσμος θηλασμού
- nursing home (ιδιωτική) κλινική, θεραπευτήριο, οίκος ευγηρίας
- nursing officer προϊσταμένη νοσοκομείου, διευθύνουσα αδελφή
Italiano (Italian)
assistenza, assistenziale
idioms:
- nursing bra reggiseno da allattatrice
- nursing home casa di cura
- nursing officer infermiera capo
Português (Portuguese)
n. - amamentação (f), enfermagem (f)
idioms:
- nursing bra sutiã para amamentação
- nursing home asilo, pequeno hospital particular, enfermeira doméstica
- nursing officer administrador de asilo ou pequeno hospital particular
Русский (Russian)
профессия медсестры/медбрата, уход, кормление грудью, кормящая
idioms:
- nursing bra бюстгальтер для кормящей матери
- nursing home частная клиника
- nursing officer медсестра или мужчина в том же положении
Español (Spanish)
n. - asistencia, cuidado, lactancia, profesión o trabajo de enfermera, lactante
idioms:
- nursing bra sostén de amamantar
- nursing home clínica, hospital particular
- nursing officer enfermero jefe
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - sjukvård, vård, amning, digivning
attr. - vårdande
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
看护, 养育
idioms:
- nursing bra 授乳用胸罩
- nursing home 疗养院
- nursing officer 军方护士
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 看護, 養育
idioms:
- nursing bra 授乳用胸罩
- nursing home 療養院
- nursing officer 軍方護士
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 保育
adj. - 哺乳する
idioms:
- nursing bra 授乳用ブラジャー
- nursing home 個人病院, 老人ホーム
- nursing officer 看護士
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) تمريض, رضاع (صفه) مرضع
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - מקצוע האחות, סיעוד, (של) טיפול בחולים או במבוגרים
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Mentioned in
- BSN (abbreviation)
- MSN (abbreviation)
- Intermediate care facility (in medicine)
- practical nurse
- bedridden patient
- lactorrhea
- ambulatory surgery
- fosterage
- Psychiatric Nursing (in medicine)
- Long-Term Care (in medicine)
- in-home
- nursing home
- nursling
- registered nurse
