otolaryngology

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An institute of Otorhinolaryngology, in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Below, is written nose, ear and throat (Nariz, ouvido e garganta).

Otolaryngology or ENT (ear, nose and throat) is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, throat, and head and neck disorders. The full name of the specialty is otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Practitioners are called otolaryngologists-head and neck surgeons, or sometimes otorhinolaryngologists (ORL). The term comes from the Greek ωτολαρυγγολογία (oto = genitive for ear, laryngo = genitive for larynx/throat, logy = study), and it literally means the study of ear and neck. The full term ωτορινολαρυγγολογία (otorhinolaryngology), also includes rhino, which is the genitive of nose. Otolaryngology is one of the most competitive specialties to enter for physicians.

Explanation

Otolaryngologists are medical doctors (MD, DO, MBBS, MBChB, etc.) who, in the United States, complete at least five years of surgical residency training. This is composed of one year in general surgical training and four years in otolaryngology - head and neck surgery; in the past it varied between two and three years of each.

Following residency training some otolaryngologists elect to complete advanced subspeciality fellowship training which can range from as little as 2 weekend courses (Allergy)[1] or as long as 1–2 years in duration (pediatric otolaryngology)[2], or head and neck oncology.^{[citation needed]}

List of fellowships

Subspecialties

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(*Currently recognized by American Board of Medical Subspecialties)

Topics in otolaryngology, head and neck surgery

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Head & Neck Surgery

• • Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx
  • Oral cancer
  • Thyroid cancer
  • Endocrine surgery of the head and neck (thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy)
  • Microvascular free flap reconstruction
  • Skull base surgery

Otology/neuro-otology

• Dizziness
  • BPPV - Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
  • labyrinthitis/vestibular neuronitis
  • Ménière's disease/Endolymphatic hydrops
  • Perilymphatic fistula
  • acoustic neuroma

• Hearing loss
• Mastoiditis
• Otitis externa - outer ear or ear canal inflammation
• Otitis media - middle ear inflammation
• Otitis interna - inner ear inflammation
• Perforated eardrum (hole in the eardrum due to infection, trauma, explosion or loud noise)
• ear surgery

Rhinology

Rhinology pertains to sinus diseases and the anterior skull base.

• Environmental Allergies
• Sinusitis - acute, chronic
• Rhinitis
• Empty nose syndrome

Pediatrics

• laryngomalacia
• Caustic Ingestion
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea - Pediatric
• Tonsillectomy
• Adenoidectomy
• Myringotomy and Tubes

Laryngology

• Dysphonia / Hoarseness
  • Laryngitis
  • Reinke's Edema
  • Vocal Cord Nodules & Polyps

• Spasmodic Dysphonia
• Tracheostomy
• Cancer of the Larynx
• Vocology - science and practice of voice habilitation

Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery

Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is a one-year fellowship open to Otolaryngologists and Plastic Surgeons who wish to specialize in the aethetic and recontructive surgery of the head, face, and neck. For further information see the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.aafprs.org/

• Rhinoplasty & Septoplasty
• Facelift (Rhytidectomy)
• Browlift
• Blepharoplasty
• Otoplasty
• Genioplasty
• Injectable Cosmetic Treatments
• Trauma to the Face
  • Nasal Bone Fracture
  • Mandible Fracture
  • Orbital Fracture
  • Frontal Sinus Fracture
  • Complex Lacerations and Soft Tissue Damage

See also

• Head mirror
• Physician
• Surgeon

References

External links

• Headmirror.com: resource for ENT residents, fellows and interested medical students
• Specialist Library for ENT and Audiology High quality research and patient information on otolaryngology
• Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery (Official Journal of the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation)
• Otolaryngology
• Chance to Smile, for cleft lip and palate
• Journal of Voice
• Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology (the official scientific journal of the Nordic Cooperation Council of Logopedics and Phoniatrics and of The British Voice Association. It examines topics related to speech, language and voice science.)
• National Center for Voice and Speech's official website
• Information on Microtia/Reconstruction (via Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh)
• Education of otolaryngology

Societies

• American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
• Association for Research in Otolaryngology
• The American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy
• Canadian Society of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
• The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society
• British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists - Head & Neck Surgeons
• Association of Otolaryngology Administrators
• The Australian Society of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery
• The Voice Foundation
• The TWJ Foundation
• American Head and Neck Society