Phoebe

 

(fē'bē) , in astronomy, one of the named moons, or natural satellites, of Saturn. Also known as Saturn IX (or S9), Phoebe is 137 mi (220 km) in diameter, orbits Saturn at a mean distance of 8,047,985 mi (12,952,000 km), has an orbital period of 550.5 earth days, and rotates on its axis in about nine hours. The outermost of the known satellites, Phoebe was discovered by American astronomer William H. Pickering in 1898. Phoebe's reflectivity is very low, and it appears to be composed of a mix of ice and rock. Its orbit is inclined 175° to Saturn; that is, its north pole is almost aligned with the planet's south pole. Phoebe is the only one of the moons that orbits with retrograde motion, i.e., opposite to that of the planet's rotation. The sharp inclination of its orbit, its retrograde motion, and the resemblance of its apparent density and composition to Kuiper belt objects (see comet) suggest that Phoebe is a captured object similar to a comet or asteroid rather than a native satellite.

Phoebe, in Greek mythology, a Titan. She was the mother of Leto and Asteria and the grandmother of Artemis. In some legends she was identified with Artemis as the goddess of the moon.

For other meanings see Phoebe.

Phoebe

Discovery
Discovered by:	W.H. Pickering
Discovery date:	March 17, 1899 / August 16, 1898
Orbital characteristics[1]
Semi-major axis:	12,955,759 km
Eccentricity:	0.1562415
Orbital period:	550.564636 d
Inclination:	173.04° (to the ecliptic) 151.78° (to Saturn's equator)
Satellite of:	Saturn
Physical characteristics
Dimensions:	230 x 220 x 210 km
Mass:	0.8292 ± 0.0010×1019 kg [1]
Mean density:	1.6342 ± 0.0460 g/cm³ [1]
Equatorial surface gravity:	~0.049 m/s2
Escape velocity:	~0.10 km/s
Sidereal rotation period:	0.38675 d (9 h 16 min 55.2 s) [2]
Axial tilt:	152.14° [3]
Albedo:	0.06

Phoebe (fee'-bee, IPA: /ˈfiːbi/, Greek Φοίβη) is an irregular satellite of Saturn. It was discovered by William Henry Pickering on March 17, 1899 from photographic plates that had been taken starting on August 16, 1898 at Arequipa, Peru by DeLisle Stewart^{[4][5][6][7][8]}. It was the first satellite to be discovered photographically. The adjectival form of the name is Phoebean.

Name

The moon is named after Phoebe^[6], a Titan in Greek mythology. It is also designated Saturn IX. The IAU nomenclature standards have stated that features on Phoebe are to be named after characters in the Greek myth of Jason and the Argonauts. In 2005, the IAU officially named 24 craters^[9] (Acastus, Admetus, Amphion, Butes, Calais, Canthus, Clytius, Erginus, Euphemus, Eurydamas, Eurytion, Eurytus, Hylas, Idmon, Iphitus, Jason, Mopsus, Nauplius, Oileus, Peleus, Phlias, Talaus, Telamon, and Zetes).

the craters of Phoebe

Dr. Toby Owen of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, chairman of the International Astronomical Union Outer Solar System Task Group said

"We picked the legend of the Argonauts for Phoebe as it has some resonance with the exploration of the Saturn system by Cassini-Huygens. We can't say that our participating scientists include heroes like Hercules and Atalanta, but they do represent a wide, international spectrum of outstanding people who were willing to take the risk of joining this voyage to a distant realm in hopes of bringing back a grand prize."

Orbital characteristics

For more than 100 years, Phoebe was Saturn's outermost known moon, until the discovery of several smaller moons in 2000. Phoebe is almost 4 times more distant from Saturn than its nearest major neighbor (Iapetus), and is substantially larger than any of the other moons orbiting planets at comparable distances.

All of Saturn's moons up to Iapetus orbit very nearly in the plane of Saturn's equator. The outer irregular satellites follow fairly to highly eccentric orbits, and none is expected to rotate synchronously as all the inner moons of Saturn do (except for Hyperion). See Saturn's satellites families.

Physical characteristics

Phoebe is roughly spherical and has a diameter of 220 kilometres (about 137 miles), which is equal to about one-fifteenth of the diameter of Earth's moon. Phoebe rotates on its axis every nine hours and it completes a full orbit around Saturn in about 18 months. Its surface temperature is only 75 K (-198°C).

Most of Saturn's inner moons have very bright surfaces, but Phoebe's albedo is very low (0.06), as dark as lampblack. The Phoebean surface is extremely heavily scarred, with craters up to 80 kilometres across, one of which has walls 16 kilometres high.

Phoebe's dark colouring initially led to scientists surmising that it was a captured asteroid, as it resembled the common class of dark carbonaceous asteroids. These are chemically very primitive and are thought to be composed of original solids that condensed out of the solar nebula with little modification since then.

However, images from the Cassini-Huygens space probe indicate that Phoebe's craters show a considerable variation in brightness, which indicate the presence of large quantities of ice below a relatively thin blanket of dark surface deposits some 300 to 500 metres (980 to 1,600 feet) thick. In addition, quantities of carbon dioxide have been detected on the surface, a finding which has never been replicated on an asteroid. It is estimated that Phoebe is about 50% rock, as opposed to the 35% or so that typifies Saturn's inner moons. For these reasons, scientists are coming to believe that Phoebe is in fact a captured Centaur, one of a number of icy planetoids from the Kuiper belt that orbit the Sun between Jupiter and Neptune^[1][2]. Phoebe is the first such object to be imaged as anything other than a dot.

Material displaced from Phoebe's surface by microscopic meteor impacts may be responsible for the dark surfaces of Hyperion^[3]. Debris from the biggest impacts may have been the building blocks of the other moons of Phoebe's group—all of which are less than 10 km in diameter.

Spacecraft flybys

The Voyager 2 spacecraft passed by Phoebe in September 1981, although the 2.2 Gm (2.2 million kilometres) distance and low resolution meant that relatively little could be learned from the resulting images.

The Cassini spacecraft flew within 2,068 kilometers (about 1,285 miles) of Phoebe on June 11, 2004, returning many high-resolution images of the moon and its scarred surface. By a stroke of pure luck, Phoebe happened to be in the best part of its orbit to be photographed by the incoming Cassini probe, which otherwise would not likely have returned pictures much better than Voyager due to Phoebe's distance from Saturn.

See also

• List of geological features on Saturn's smaller moons

References

External links

• Phoebe Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
• Cassini-Huygens Multimedia: Images: Moons: Small Moons
• Cassini Pass Reveals Moon Secrets, BBC News, June 14 2004
• The Planetary Society: Phoebe
• Asaravala, A.; Saturn's Odd Moon Out, Wired, (May 4, 2005)
• NASA: Natural Satellite Physical Parameters

Moons of Saturn
Generally listed in increasing distance from Saturn. Temporary names in italics.
Ring shepherds	Pan · Daphnis · Atlas · Prometheus · S/2004 S 6? · S/2004 S 4? · S/2004 S 3? · Pandora
Co-orbitals	Epimetheus · Janus
Inner large (and Trojan)	Mimas · Methone · Anthe · Pallene · Enceladus · Tethys (Telesto • Calypso) · Dione (Helene • Polydeuces)
Outer large	Rhea · Titan · Hyperion · Iapetus
Inuit group	Kiviuq · Ijiraq · Paaliaq · Siarnaq · Tarqeq
Norse group	Phoebe · Skathi · S/2007 S 2 · Skoll · S/2004 S 13 · Greip · Hyrrokkin · Mundilfari · Jarnsaxa · S/2006 S 1 · S/2004 S 17 · Narvi · Bergelmir · Aegir · Suttungr · S/2004 S 12 · Bestla · Farbauti · Hati · S/2004 S 7 · Thrymr · S/2007 S 3 · S/2006 S 3 · Surtur · Kari · Fenrir · Ymir · Loge · Fornjot
Gallic group	Albiorix · Bebhionn · Erriapo · Tarvos
Rings of Saturn · Cassini-Huygens · Themis

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