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Pierre Trudeau

 
Who2 Biography: Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada / Political Figure
 
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Pierre Trudeau
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  • Born: 18 October 1919
  • Birthplace: Montreal, Quebec, Canada
  • Died: 28 September 2000 (Prostate cancer / Parkinson's disease)
  • Best Known As: Prime minister of Canada, 1968-84

Pierre Trudeau was prime minister of Canada for nearly 16 years beginning in 1968. A professor before jumping into politics with the Liberal party, Trudeau entered office with a brainy charisma and youthful energy which seemed to match the changing mood of the 1960s. (His popularity was dubbed "Trudeaumania" in an echo of "Beatlemania.") He remained prime minister until 1984, save for a 10-month period in 1979-80 when he was replaced by Progressive Conservative leader Joe Clark. Among his many initiatives as prime minister, Trudeau was particularly known for leading the fight against the separatist movement in Quebec. He also gained a reputation as an eligible bachelor, dating high-profile women including Barbra Streisand and Bianca Jagger. In 1971 he wed 22-year-old Margaret Sinclair, a famous marriage which led to an equally famous separation six years later; the couple were finally divorced in 1984. In 1999 journalists named Trudeau the top Canadian newsmaker of the 20th century. At Trudeau's 2000 funeral his son Justin gave a heartfelt eulogy which became famous throughout Canada.

Trudeau's son Michel was killed at age 23 in November 1998 in an avalanche in British Columbia... Trudeau is a distant relative of Garry Trudeau, creator of the comic strip Doonesbury; both were descendants of Etienne Trudeau, who emigrated from France to Canada in the 1600s.

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Political Biography: Pierre Trudeau
 
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(b. Montreal, 18 Oct. 1919; d. 28 September 2000) Canadian; Prime Minister 1968 – 79, 1980 – 4 Educated at Jesuit schools, the universities of Montreal, Harvard, and Paris and the London School of Economics, Trudeau was called to the bar of Quebec in 1944. He joined the Privy Council Office in Ottawa as Economic and Policy Adviser 1949, and practised law, specializing in Labour Law and Civil Liberties cases in Quebec. He was appointed Associate Professor of Law, University of Montreal, and member of staff of Institut de Recherches en Droit.

Trudeau was elected as a Liberal MP for Mount Royal (Montreal) in the general election of 1965. He was Minister of Justice under Lester Pearson, whom he succeeded as Prime Minister in 1968. His flamboyant, high-profile style appealed to the electorate, especially young voters, and he won a substantial majority at elections held ten weeks after taking office. Much of his premiership was concerned with efforts to curb separatism in Quebec and to renew Canadian federalism, which he conceived of in terms of a compact of bilingualism and biculturalism. His policies embraced firm handling of terrorist kidnappings with the encouragement of civil equality between English- and French-speaking communities. Initially critical of some of the features of the much-esteemed foreign policy of his Liberal predecessor Lester Pearson and employing the idiom of national interest, he none the less soon became active externally as a Liberal internationalist bent on promoting détente with the Soviet Union and China, and utilizing the United Nations and the Commonwealth, to the relative neglect of party organization and management.

Trudeau promoted the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, a costly enterprise which lost him much support in the elections of May 1979, when he went into Opposition for nine months. His skill in deflecting separatist threats from Quebec enabled him to bounce back to victory in the general election of February 1980 and to be Prime Minister for another four-and-a-half years, during which time he "repatriated" and revised the Canadian constitution, formerly embodied in the British America Act of 1876 and its subsequent amendments. Trudeau's decision in 1977 to make Canada the first major country in the world to extend its jurisdiction over offshore fishing from 12 to 200 miles caused concern abroad and left problems — notably with Spain — which continued to reverberate long after his retirement from active politics in June 1984.

 
Biography: Pierre Elliott Trudeau
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Pierre Elliott Trudeau (born 1919) was the leader of the Liberal Party and Canada's prime minister for about 15 years. He successfully defeated the separatist movement in Quebec and led Canada both to greater strength nationally and to more independence internationally.

Pierre Elliott Trudeau was born in Montreal, Quebec, on October 18, 1919. The son of a wealthy French-Canadian businessman, Charles Trudeau, and a mother of United Empire Loyalist background, Trudeau received his early education in French, attending the elite College Jean de Brébeuf for eight years. After obtaining his B.A. from Brébeuf in 1940, Trudeau studied law at the University of Montreal; political economy at Harvard; law, economics, and political science at Paris; and political economy at the London School of Economics (1947-1948). He completed his education with a year-long trip around the world on $800 in 1948-1949.

He returned to Quebec in April 1949 and immediately became involved in a strike at Asbestos, where the labor movement in the province confronted a repressive and conservative government of Maurice Duplessis. Although Trudeau did work briefly as an economic adviser to the Privy Council Office in Ottawa in 1950-1951, his major concern in the 1950s was the reform of Quebec society and politics. Together with other Montreal intellectuals and journalists who had been roused to action by the events at Asbestos, Trudeau founded Cité Libre, an influential journal of opinion. He also acted as an unpaid legal consultant to Quebec unions, was a counsel in some civil liberty cases, wrote pungent political criticism, and continued to travel widely. He sought to organize the diverse groups opposing Duplessis into a coherent force for political action after 1956. Simultaneously, he flirted with socialist politics. In 1960, however, he supported the Quebec Liberals in the election which traditionally is identified as the beginning of the so-called "Quiet Revolution" in Quebec.

Disillusionment came quickly. In 1961 Trudeau was appointed associate professor of law at the University of Montreal. He continued to take an active part in the ever more lively debate about Quebec's future. While approving of most of the secularizing and modernizing approaches of the Lesage government, he strongly attacked its increasingly nationalist approach, declaring it stifling, irrational, and fundamentally elitist. When nationalism became separatism for many of the young and the intellectuals, Trudeau denounced the trend as reactionary. In the case of the intellectuals it was "treason, " a betrayal of the commitment to rationalism and open-mindedness which should mark an intellectual's approach to politics.

Quick Rise in Canadian Politics

Trudeau's anti-separatist position made him turn his attention toward federal politics. His name was mentioned as a possible Liberal candidate in the 1963 general election, but Liberal leader Lester Pearson's acceptance of nuclear weapons for the Canadian armed forces offended Trudeau, who angrily denounced Pearson. The Pearson minority government which came to power in 1963 did win Trudeau's approval for its determined effort to make the federal public service more bicultural and bilingual. Nevertheless, Trudeau thought Pearson was too conciliatory in dealing with the increasingly nationalist Quebec government. When Pearson, on the advice of the Quebec labor leader Jean Marchand, asked Trudeau to run as a Liberal candidate in the general election of 1965, Trudeau quickly agreed.

Pearson made Trudeau his parliamentary secretary in January 1966. His constitutional skills quickly impressed the prime minister and others, and in April 1967 he became minister of justice and attorney general for Canada. In this position he attracted much attention because of his articulate defense of the federal government's position in the debates with the provinces and because of his willingness to undertake reforms in such areas as divorce legislation, criminal law, and judicial appointments. His personal appearance and style, which contrasted sharply with that of other politicians, also focussed media attention upon him. Even though he had been a cabinet minister for only a year, Trudeau was elected Liberal leader and thus became prime minister in 1968.

In the election which followed, so-called "Trudeau-mania" swept the country as the media became fascinated with the quick mind, the athletic prowess, the romantic attachments, and the surprising indifference to traditional political concerns of Canada's new prime minister. In the campaign Trudeau promised a new deal for French Canadians in Canada, but no tolerance for separatism or extreme Quebec nationalism. He also indicated that Canada's foreign policy would be reassessed so that domestic interests would be given more weight. Canadians, Trudeau declared, should have the right to participate in making the governmental decisions which most affected their lives. The appeal fit the times.

Trudeau's government undertook a wide-ranging review of Canada's foreign policy. The military commitment to NATO was reduced, and Canadian foreign policy became less sympathetic to the international policies of the United States. Domestically, Trudeau sought constitutional reform without much success, but he did work more fruitfully to secure French Canadian rights within Canadian confederation. His economic policies were surprisingly conservative, although a significant reform in the taxation system did occur in 1971 and unemployment benefits became more generous and more widely available.

Trudeau's personal popularity reached its peak during the so-called October crisis of 1970. The kidnaping of James Cross, a British trade commissioner, and Pierre Laporte, Quebec's labor minister, by extreme separatists in Montreal prompted Trudeau to invoke the War Measures Act which suspended civil liberties so long as there was an "apprehended insurrection" in Montreal. The crisis ended, although Laporte was murdered, and most Canadians applauded Trudeau's forceful stand. Doubts arose later when civil libertarians and others began to question whether such a harsh response was in fact required.

Compromise and Continued Rule

By 1972 Trudeau's position had weakened, and he managed to cling to power after the general election in October only with the help of the socialist New Democratic Party. He quickly adapted his party to the situation and introduced popular, though expensive, legislation. He admitted that he had been too "rational" in his approach to politics, and sadly he concluded that politics was "ninetenths" emotion.

In the 1974 election Trudeau aggressively campaigned as a populist, effectively undercutting the Conservative arguments for wage and price controls. He regained his majority and began to plan for longer range changes in Canadian government. The first effect was a recognized bureaucracy, but various developments undermined his attempts to establish clear directions. In 1975 Trudeau, fearing rampant inflation, introduced the same type of wage and price controls he had denounced in 1974. In 1976 Quebec elected the separatist Parti Québéçois, which meant that long range planning gave way to what seemed a profound crisis in nationhood. Perhaps equally important was the breakdown of Trudeau's 1971 marriage to Margaret Sinclair, a separation which received international attention. In the late 1970s the Trudeau government scrambled to maintain its position, and it failed. The Conservatives defeated Trudeau's Liberals in the general election of May 1979.

In November 1979 Trudeau announced that he would step aside for a new leader, but before a new leader could be chosen, the minority Conservative government fell, and a general election was called for February 18, 1980. After some deft manipulation of the party by his friends, Trudeau agreed to remain as leader. He won another majority.

Between 1980 and February 1984, when he announced his resignation, Trudeau provided decisive but controversial leadership. The compromises and hesitations of the 1970s disappeared. The first task was to win the Quebec referendum on separatism. He campaigned vigorously, and the "no" side triumphed decisively. He then moved to "keep the promise" made during the referendum debate to give a new constitution to Quebec and Canada which would include a Charter of Rights. Against the strong opposition of Western Canada, Quebec, and most of the Atlantic provinces, the opposition parties, and leading newspapers, Trudeau pushed ahead his scheme for a new constitution which would be the last act of the United Kingdom Parliament to affect Canada. At the final moment, the provinces, excepting Quebec, agreed to a compromise, and Trudeau's cherished Charter of Rights became part of a fundamentally Canadian constitution.

Trudeau's government also took radical action to deal with the energy crisis of the early 1980s. The National Energy Program was highly nationalistic in aim and tone. Through incentives and taxation benefits it encouraged the growth of Canadian ownership in the energy field. It also set a price for Canadian oil below that on the world market. American investors were infuriated; so were the major producing provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan. The business community was strongly opposed to what it perceived as an attempt by government to grab most of the oil windfall for itself. Western Canada's bitterness towards Trudeau, which had long persisted, even aroused talk of Western separatism.

The Trudeau Legacy

By 1983 Trudeau's government had become very unpopular. The Conservatives chose a new leader, Brian Mulroney, and moved well ahead of the Liberals in the polls. The constitution was in place, the National Energy Program was collapsing as oil prices fell, and the threat of Quebec separatism had receded. Dissenters in his party began to suggest openly that Trudeau should resign. A "peace initiative" which he began in November 1983 had by the beginning of 1984 accomplished all that could be hoped in the face of the indifference of the superpowers to Trudeau's pleas for cooperation. In February 1984 he announced his intention to resign, and in late June he left the office of the prime minister, giving way to John Turner, who, it seemed clear, was not his choice as successor. In the general election of September 1984 the Liberal Party collapsed, winning only 40 seats compared to 211 seats for the Conservatives.

In his final speech to the Liberal Party in June 1984 Trudeau told his listeners that when Parliament, the bureaucracy, or the media failed to do what was necessary, he had gone directly to the people. With some Canadians Trudeau did fashion a remarkable bond. In others he aroused remarkable antagonism. He dominated his party, his cabinet, and Parliament so long as he was prime minister. When he left, the party fell apart. He had groomed no successor and appeared to care little about what happened after his departure. The party was in a decrepit condition; the nation was weary of the confrontation over energy, the constitution, and foreign policy which it had endured so long. The economy had faltered badly since the early 1970s, and basic restructuring had been postponed too long. Because his personality so fascinated Canadians, Trudeau bore much of the criticism for these apparent failings of the nation. Back in the private sector, in 1985, he became a senior consultant with Heenan, Blaikie. In 1993, he published his Memoirs, followed by The Canadian Way: Shaping Canada's Foreign Policy 1968-1984 (1995), co-authored by Ivan Head. In 1997, Trudeau, along with Jacques Hebert, published Two Innocents in Red China, which sparked mixed review.

Only one Canadian prime minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, served longer than Trudeau. Among post-war democratic leaders, only three were in office for as long. If his faults seemed so clear to his contemporaries, his accomplishments, especially in making Canada a nation that more fully accepts its bicultural nature, will probably mean more to posterity. In a country with so many doubts, the memory of one who had so few will likely grow.

Further Reading

Both Trudeau's Memoirs (1993) and his The Canadian Way (1995) are autobiographical in nature. He tops the list of Canada's most politically-powerful persons in Anthony Wilson-Smith's Bench Strength for Maclean's (1996). He is also covered in Mondo Canuck (1996), Greig Dymond's and Geoff Pevere's book on Canadian cultural icons. There are two major studies of Trudeau, both by journalists. George Radwanski's Trudeau (1978) is based upon extensive interviews with Trudeau and his colleagues. It is largely favorable in tone. Richard Gwyn's The Northern Magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians (1980) is much more critical. Both books do not cover Trudeau's final years as prime minister. A good sample of Trudeau's early writings is found in his Federalism and the French Canadians (1968).

 
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Pierre Elliott Trudeau
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(born Oct. 18, 1919, Montreal, Que., Can. — died Sept. 28, 2000, Montreal) Prime minister of Canada (1968 – 79, 1980 – 84). He practiced law before being elected to the Canadian House of Commons (1966 – 84). He was minister of justice (1967 – 68) in Lester Pearson's administration. He became leader of the Liberal Party and prime minister in 1968. A determined antiseparatist, he advocated a strong federal government and took a determined stand against separatist terrorists. After nine months out of office, he returned in 1980 to initiate reforms that called for the constitutional "patriation," or transfer, of the amending authority from the British Parliament to Canada. To this end, he effected passage of the Canada Act, which precipitated Canada's official independence from Britain. His term saw the adoption of official bilingualism. He spent his final years in office seeking greater economic independence for Canada, forming better trade relations between industrialized democracies and developing countries, and urging further international disarmament talks. He resigned as leader of the Liberal Party and retired from politics in 1984, by which time he was the longest-serving leader of any Western democracy.

For more information on Pierre Elliott Trudeau, visit Britannica.com.

 
Columbia Encyclopedia: Pierre Elliott Trudeau
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Trudeau, Pierre Elliott (Joseph Philippe Pierre Ives Elliott Trudeau) (trūdō'), 1919–2000, prime minister of Canada (1968–79, 1980–84), b. Montreal. He attended the Univ. of Montreal, Harvard, the École des Sciences Politiques in Paris, and the London School of Economics. A lawyer and law professor known for championing liberal causes, Trudeau was elected (1965) to the House of Commons as a Liberal and became (1967) concurrently minister of justice and attorney general in Lester Pearson's government. Trudeau succeeded Pearson as Liberal party leader and prime minister in 1968. A vigorous and even dashing young leader, he won a landslide victory in elections called shortly after he took office and became the focus of a popular enthusiasm that came to be called “Trudeaumania.”

Pursuing independence from U.S. influence, he recognized (1970) the People's Republic of China and promoted Canadian control of its own economy and culture. He also campaigned for world peace and nuclear disarmament. In 1970, after terrorist activities by the Front de Libération du Québec, he temporarily instituted martial law. Although the Liberal party lost its majority in parliament in the general elections of Oct., 1972, Trudeau remained in office, relying on the support of the small New Democratic party to give him a parliamentary majority. His government was defeated (May, 1974) on a motion of no confidence brought against the budget, but in the ensuing elections (July, 1974) Trudeau and the Liberals regained their parliamentary majority.

Briefly out of office (1979–80) after the Progressive Conservatives won the 1979 election, he returned to power in 1980. Defending his concept of a unified federalist nation against the forces of separatism, he successfully campaigned for the rejection of independence by Quebec voters in a referendum in his native province. That year he also proposed a new constitution for Canada, independent of the British Parliament, and on Apr. 17, 1982, Queen Elizabeth II signed the Constitution Act, 1982 (see Canada Act), which gave Canada complete independence. Sensitive to the linguistic preferences of his fellow French Canadians, he led Canada to become an officially bilingual nation in 1984 and was a consistent supporter of multiculturalism. Trudeau retired that same year, having played a pivotal role in the political development of Canada in the 20th cent. He was succeeded as prime minister and party leader by John Turner.

Bibliography

See his Conversation with Canadians (1972), Memoirs (1993), and Against the Current: Selected Writings 1939–1996, ed. by G. Pelletier (1997).

 
History Dictionary: Trudeau, Pierre Elliott
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(trooh-doh)

A Canadian statesman and prime minister of the twentieth century. Faced with secessionist sentiment from the French-speaking majority in Quebec, Trudeau as prime minister oversaw the passage of the Official Languages Act in the 1970s, which made French and English the official languages of Canada.

 
Quotes By: Pierre Elliott Trudeau
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Quotes:

"The essential ingredient in politics is timing."

"Reason over passion."

"There are a lot of bleeding hearts around who just dont like to see people with helmets and guns. All I can say is go and bleed It is more important to keep law and order in society than to be worried about weak-kneed people Society must take every means at its disposal to defend itself against the emergence of a parallel power which defies the elected power."

"The state has no business in the bedrooms of the nation."

 
Wikipedia: Pierre Trudeau
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For other uses, see Pierre Elliott Trudeau (disambiguation).
The Right Honourable
 Pierre Elliott Trudeau
  PC CC CH QC LLD (Mont) MA FSRC
Pierre Trudeau

Trudeau in 1980
In office
April 20, 1968 – June 4, 1979
Monarch Elizabeth II
Preceded by Lester B. Pearson
Succeeded by Joe Clark
In office
March 3, 1980 – June 30, 1984
Preceded by Joe Clark
Succeeded by John Turner
In office
June 4, 1979 – March 2, 1980
Preceded by Joe Clark
Succeeded by Joe Clark
In office
April 6, 1968 – June 16, 1984
Preceded by Lester B. Pearson
Succeeded by John Turner
In office
April 4, 1967 – July 5, 1968
Preceded by Louis Cardin
Succeeded by John Turner
In office
1965 – 1984
Preceded by Alan Macnaughton
Succeeded by Sheila Finestone
Born October 18, 1919(1919-10-18)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Died September 28, 2000 (aged 80)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Political party Liberal Party of Canada
Spouse Margaret Trudeau (1971-1984)
Relations Charles-Émile Trudeau (father)
Children Justin Trudeau
Alexandre Trudeau
Michel Trudeau
Sarah Trudeau (daughter with Deborah Coyne)
Alma mater Université de Montréal
Harvard University
Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris
LSE, University of London
Occupation Lawyer
Jurist
Academic
Professor
Author
Journalist
Member of Parliament
Politician
Religion Roman Catholic
Signature Pierre Trudeau's signature

Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, PC, CC, CH, QC, MSRC (usually known as Pierre Trudeau or Pierre Elliott Trudeau) (October 18, 1919 – 28 September 2000), was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968 to June 4, 1979, and from March 3, 1980 to June 30, 1984.

Pierre Trudeau was a charismatic figure who, from the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, dominated the Canadian political scene and aroused passionate reactions. "Reason before passion" was his personal motto.[1] "He haunts us still," biographers Christina McCall and Stephen Clarkson wrote in 1990.[2] Admirers praise the force of Trudeau's intellect[3] and they salute his political acumen in preserving national unity and establishing the Charter of Rights and Freedoms within Canada's constitution.[4] His detractors accuse him of arrogance, economic mismanagement, and unduly favouring the authority of the federal government in relation to the provinces,[5] but despite the controversy, both Trudeau's defenders and detractors agree he left a mark on the Canadian politics of his time.

Trudeau led Canada through a hard period of Canadian history, and was often the centre of attention and controversy. Known for his flamboyance, he dated celebrities, was accused of using an obscenity during debate in the House of Commons, and once did a pirouette behind the back of Queen Elizabeth II.

Contents

Early life

He was born in Montreal to Charles-Émile Trudeau, a French Canadian businessman and lawyer, and Grace Elliott, who was of French and Scottish descent. Pierre had an older sister named Suzette and a younger brother named Charles Jr. and he was close to both siblings for his entire life. The family became quite wealthy by the time Trudeau was in his teens, as his father sold his prosperous gas station business to Imperial Oil.[6] Trudeau attended the prestigious Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf (a private French Jesuit school) where he was affiliated with the ideas of Quebec nationalism. Trudeau's father died when Pierre was in his mid-teens, and this hit him and the family very hard. Pierre remained very close to his mother for the rest of her life.[7]

According to long-time friend and colleague Marc Lalonde, the contemporary clerically influenced dictatorships of António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal, Francisco Franco in Spain and Marshal Philippe Pétain in Vichy France were seen as models to many young intellectuals educated at elite Jesuit schools in Quebec. Lalonde asserts that Trudeau's later intellectual development as an "intellectual rebel, anti-establishment fighter on behalf of unions and promoter of religious freedom" was a product of his experiences once he left Quebec to study in the United States, France and England and travel the world, an experience which allowed him to break from Jesuit influence and study French philosophers such as Jacques Maritain and Emmanuel Mounier as well as John Locke and David Hume.[8]

Education and World War II

Trudeau earned a law degree at the Université de Montréal in 1943; during his studies he was conscripted into the Army, like thousands of other Canadian men, as part of the National Resources Mobilization Act. He joined the Canadian Officers' Training Corps and served with other conscripts in Canada, as they were not liable for overseas military service until after the Conscription Crisis of 1944. Trudeau said he was willing to become involved in World War II, but he believed that to do so would be to turn his back on a Quebec population he considered to have been betrayed by the Mackenzie King government. Trudeau reflected on his opposition to conscription and his doubts about the war in his 1993 Memoirs: "So there was a war? Tough... if you were a French Canadian in Montreal in the early 1940s, you did not automatically believe that this was a just war... we tended to think of this war as a settling of scores among the superpowers."[7]

In a 1942 Outremont by-election, he campaigned for the anti-conscription candidate Jean Drapeau (later mayor of Montreal), and was eventually expelled from the Officers' Training Corps for lack of discipline. The National Archives of Canada, in its biographical sketches of Canadian prime ministers, records how on one occasion during the war Trudeau and his friends drove their motorcycles wearing Prussian military uniforms, complete with pointed steel helmets.[9]

After the war, Trudeau went abroad to continue his studies, first with a master's degree in political economy at Harvard University's Graduate School of Public Administration. Next, he studied in Paris, France in 1947 at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, and finally working towards his doctorate at the London School of Economics, although he did not finish his thesis.[10]

Trudeau was interested in Marxist ideas in the 1940s and his Harvard dissertation was on the topic of Communism and Christianity.[11] At Harvard Trudeau found himself profoundly challenged as he discovered that his "... legal training was deficient, [and] his knowledge of economics was pathetic."[12] Thanks to the great intellectual migration away from Europe's fascism, Harvard had become a major intellectual center in which Trudeau profoundly changed.[13] Despite this, Trudeau found himself an outsider - a French Catholic living for the first time outside of Quebec in the predominantly Protestant American Harvard University.[14] This isolation deepened finally into despair[15] and led to his decision to continue his Harvard studies abroad.[16]

In 1947 he travelled to Paris to continue his dissertation work. Over a five week period he attended many lectures and became a follower of personalism after being influenced most notably by Emmanuel Mounier.[17] The Harvard dissertation remained undone when Trudeau entered a doctoral program to study under the renowned socialist economist Harold Laski in the London School of Economics.[18] This cemented Trudeau's belief that Keynesian economics and social science were essential to the creation of the "good life" in democratic society.[19]

Early career

From the late 1940s through the mid-1960s, Trudeau was primarily based in Montreal and was seen by many as an intellectual. In 1949, he was an active supporter of workers in the Asbestos Strike. In 1956, he edited an important book on the subject, La grève de l'amiante, which argued that the strike was a seminal event in Quebec's history, marking the beginning of resistance to the conservative, francophone clerical establishment and anglophone business class that had long ruled the province.[20] Throughout the 1950s, Trudeau was a leading figure in the opposition to the repressive rule of Premier of Quebec Maurice Duplessis as the founder and editor of Cité Libre, a dissident journal that helped provide the intellectual basis for the Quiet Revolution.

From 1949 to 1951 Trudeau worked briefly in Ottawa, in the Privy Council Office of the Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent as an economic policy advisor. He wrote in his memoirs that he found this period very useful later on, when he entered politics, and that senior civil servant Norman Robertson tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to stay on.

His socialist values and his close ties with Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) intellectuals (including Frank Scott, Eugene Forsey, Michael Oliver and Charles Taylor) led to his support and membership in that federal social democratic party throughout the 1950s.[21] Despite these connections, when Trudeau entered federal politics in the 1960s he decided to join the Liberal Party rather than the CCF, now the New Democratic Party (NDP). This is attributed to a few factors: (1) he felt the NDP could not achieve power, because of Tommy Douglas's inability to attract Quebec voters, (2) Trudeau expressed doubts about the centralizing policies of Canada's socialists (he favoured a more decentralized approach), and (3) there were "real differences" between his approach and the NDP's "two nations" approach to the Canadian constitution and the role of Quebec within Canada.[22]

In his memoirs, published in 1993, Trudeau wrote that during the 1950s, he wanted to teach at the Université de Montréal, but was blacklisted three times from doing so by Maurice Duplessis, then premier of Quebec. He was offered a position at Queen's University teaching political science by James Corry, who later became principal of Queen's, but turned it down because he preferred to teach in Quebec.[23] During the 1950s, he was blacklisted by the United States and prevented from entering that country because of a visit to a conference in Moscow, and because he subscribed to a number of leftist publications. Trudeau later appealed the ban and it was rescinded.

Law professor, enters politics

An associate professor of law at the Université de Montréal from 1961 to 1965, Trudeau's views evolved towards a liberal position in favour of individual rights counter to the state and made him an opponent of Quebec nationalism. In economic theory he was influenced by professors Joseph Schumpeter and John Kenneth Galbraith while he was at Harvard. Trudeau criticized the Liberal Party of Lester Pearson when it supported arming Bomarc missiles in Canada with nuclear warheads. Nevertheless, he was persuaded to join the party in 1965, together with his friends Gérard Pelletier and Jean Marchand. These "three wise men" ran successfully for the Liberals in the 1965 election. Trudeau himself was elected in the safe Liberal riding of Mount Royal, in western Montreal, succeeding House Speaker Alan Macnaughton. He would hold this seat until his retirement from politics in 1984, winning each election with large majorities.

Upon arrival in Ottawa, Trudeau was appointed as Prime Minister Lester Pearson's parliamentary secretary, and spent much of the next year traveling the world, representing Canada at international meetings and events, including the United Nations. In 1967, he was appointed to Pearson's cabinet as Minister of Justice.[7]

Justice minister and leadership candidate

As Minister of Justice, Pierre Trudeau was responsible for introducing the landmark Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69, an omnibus bill whose provisions included, among other things, the decriminalization of homosexual acts between consenting adults, the legalization of contraception, abortion and lotteries, new gun ownership restrictions as well as the authorization of breathalyzer tests on suspected drunk drivers. Trudeau famously defended the bill by telling reporters that "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation", adding that "what's done in private between adults doesn't concern the Criminal Code".[24] Trudeau also liberalized divorce laws, and clashed with Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson, Sr. during constitutional negotiations.

At the end of Canada's centennial year in 1967, Prime Minister Pearson announced his intention to step down, and Trudeau entered the race for the Liberal leadership. His energetic campaign attracted the attention of the news media and mobilized and inspired many youths, who saw Trudeau as a symbol of generational change (he was 48). Going into the leadership convention, Trudeau was the front-runner, and was clearly the favourite candidate with the Canadian public. Many within the Liberal Party still had deep doubts about him, though. Having joined the party only in 1965, he was still considered an outsider. Many saw him as too radical and outspoken a figure. Some of his views, particularly those on divorce, abortion, and homosexuality, were opposed by the substantial conservative wing of the party. Nevertheless, at the April 1968 Liberal leadership convention, Trudeau was elected leader of the party on the fourth ballot, with the support of 51% of the delegates, defeating some prominent, long-serving Liberals including Paul Martin Sr., Robert Winters and Paul Hellyer. Trudeau was sworn in as Liberal leader and Prime Minister two weeks later on April 20.

Prime Minister

Trudeau soon called an election, for June 25 (see Canadian federal election, 1968). His election campaign benefited from an unprecedented wave of personal popularity called "Trudeaumania" (a term coined by journalist Lubor J. Zink[25]), which saw Trudeau mobbed by throngs of youths. An iconic moment that influenced the election occurred on its eve, during the annual Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day parade in Montreal, when rioting Quebec separatists threw rocks and bottles at the grandstand where Trudeau was seated. Rejecting the pleas of his aides that he take cover, Trudeau stayed in his seat, facing the rioters, without any sign of fear. The image of the young politician showing such courage impressed the Canadian people, and he handily won the election the next day.[26][27]

As Prime Minister, Trudeau espoused participatory democracy as a means of making Canada a "Just Society." He defended vigorously the newly implemented universal health care and regional development programs as means of making society more just. He also implemented many procedural reforms, to make Parliament and the Liberal caucus meetings run more efficiently, and substantially expanded the size and role of the prime minister's office.[7]

During the October Crisis of 1970, the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnapped British Trade Consul James Cross at his residence on the fifth of October. Five days later, Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte was also kidnapped (and was later murdered, on October 17). Trudeau responded by invoking the War Measures Act, which gave the government sweeping powers of arrest and detention without trial. Although this response is still controversial and was opposed as excessive by figures like Tommy Douglas, it was met with only limited objections from the public.[28] Trudeau presented a determined public stance during the crisis, answering the question of how far he would go to stop the terrorists with "Just watch me." Five of the FLQ terrorists were flown to Cuba in 1970 as part of a deal in exchange for James Cross's life, but all members were eventually arrested. The five flown to Cuba were jailed after they returned to Canada years later.[29]

Trudeau's first years would be most remembered for the passage of his implementation of official bilingualism. Long a goal of Trudeau, this legislation requires all Federal services to be offered in French and English. The measures were very controversial at the time in English Canada, but would be successfully passed and implemented.

Trudeau was the first world leader to agree to meet John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono on their 'tour for world peace'. Lennon said, after talking with Trudeau for 50 minutes, that Trudeau was "a beautiful person" and that "if all politicians were like Pierre Trudeau, there would be world peace."[30]

On March 4, 1971, the Prime Minister married Margaret Sinclair, a woman who, at 22, was 30 years his junior. They later divorced.

In foreign affairs, Trudeau kept Canada firmly in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), but often pursued an independent path in international relations. He established Canadian diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, before the United States did, and went on an official visit to Beijing. He was known to be a friend of Fidel Castro and Cuba. A mobster said that in 1974 he was hired by New York State mafia members to kill Trudeau, hoping to bait Castro up to a funeral, where they would kill him. The plan was apparently later rejected.[31]

Trudeau and President of Cuba Fidel Castro in 1976

In the election of 1972, Trudeau's Liberal Party won with a minority government, with the New Democratic Party holding the balance of power. This government would move to the left, including the creation of Petro-Canada.

In May 1974, the House of Commons passed a motion of no confidence in the Trudeau government, defeating its budget bill. Trudeau wrote in his memoirs that he had in fact engineered his own downfall, since he was confident he would win the resulting election. The election of 1974 saw Trudeau and the Liberals re-elected with a majority government with 141 of the 264 seats. In September 1975, Finance Minister, John Turner resigned. Trudeau later (in October 1975) instituted wage and price controls, something which he had mocked Progressive Conservative Party leader Robert Stanfield for proposing during the election campaign a year earlier.

Canada joined the G7 group of major economic powers in 1976, after being left out of the first set of meetings. Trudeau wrote in his memoirs that U.S. President Gerald Ford arranged this, and expressed sincere appreciation.[32]

Trudeau's outward actions during his premiership led many to believe he harboured republican notions; it was even rumoured by Paul Martin, Sr., that the Queen was worried the Crown "had little meaning for him." This may have had to do with the erasure of royal symbols, his documented antics around the Monarch, such as his sliding down Buckingham Palace banisters, and his famous pirouette behind the Queen, captured on film in 1977. He also glaringly breached protocol in 1978 when he vacationed in Morocco, instead of being in Canada to attend the Queen's arrival and departure. However, he was accused of instant monarchism, as well as opportunism during a period of personal unpopularity in the 1970s, when he invited Elizabeth II to attend the second Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), at Ottawa 1973. The invitation, and acceptance of it, started the tradition of Elizabeth attending Commonwealth conferences, no matter the location. Also, in 1976, after Robert Bourassa, then Premier of Quebec, begged Trudeau to invite the Queen to the Olympics in Montreal, Trudeau, after obliging him, became annoyed when Bourassa later became unsettled about how unpopular the move might be. He commented directly on the Monarchy in 1967, when he, by then a Cabinet minister, stated "I wouldn't lift a finger to get rid of the monarchy.... I think the monarchy, by and large, has done more good than harm to Canada." Ultimately, he experimented with the Crown more than any previous politician, and then entrenched the role of the Crown in Canada when he orchestrated the patriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1982 (see below).[33]

A worsening economy, burgeoning national debt, and growing public antipathy towards Trudeau's perceived arrogance caused his poll numbers to fall rapidly.[34] Trudeau delayed the election as long as he could, but was forced to call one in 1979.

Defeat and opposition

In the election of 1979, Trudeau's government was defeated by the Progressive Conservatives, led by Joe Clark, who formed a minority government. Trudeau announced his intention to resign as Liberal Party leader; however, before a leadership convention could be held, Clark's government was defeated in the Canadian House of Commons by a Motion of Non-Confidence, in mid-December, 1979. The Liberal Party persuaded Trudeau to stay on as leader and fight the election. Trudeau defeated Clark in the February 1980 election, and won a majority government.

Return to power

The Liberal victory in 1980 highlighted a sharp geographical divide in the country: the party had won no seats west of Manitoba. Trudeau had to resort to having Senators appointed to Cabinet to ensure representation from all regions. The introduction of the National Energy Program (NEP) created a firestorm of protest in the Western provinces and increased what many termed "Western alienation."

A series of difficult budgets by long-time loyalist Allan MacEachen in the early 1980s did not improve Trudeau's economic reputation. However, after tough bargaining on both sides, Trudeau did reach a revenue-sharing agreement on energy with Alberta premier Peter Lougheed in 1982.[7]

Two very significant events for Canada occurred during Pierre Trudeau's final term in office. The first was the defeat of the referendum on Quebec sovereignty, called by the Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque. In the debates between Trudeau and Levesque, Canadians were treated to a contest between two highly intelligent, articulate and bilingual politicians who, despite being bitterly opposed, were each committed to the democratic process.[35] Trudeau promised a new constitutional agreement with Quebec should it decide to stay in Canada, and the "No" side (that is, No to sovereignty) ended up receiving around 60% of the vote.

Trudeau had attempted patriation of the Constitution earlier in his career, but always ran into a combined force of provincial Premiers on the issue of an amending formula. After he threatened to go to London alone, a Supreme Court decision led Trudeau to meet with the Premiers one more time. Trudeau reached an agreement with nine of the Premiers, with the notable exception of Lévesque. Quebec's refusal to agree to the new constitution became a source of continued acrimony between the federal and Quebec governments. Even so, the patriation was achieved; the Constitution Act, 1982 was proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth on April 17, 1982. Following this, Trudeau commented in his memoirs "I always said it was thanks to three women that we were eventually able to reform our Constitution. The Queen, who was favourable, Margaret Thatcher, who undertook to do everything that our Parliament asked of her, and Jean Wadds, who represented the interests of Canada so well in London... The Queen favoured my attempt to reform the Constitution. I was always impressed not only by the grace she displayed in public at all times, but by the wisdom she showed in private conversation."[33]

Trudeau's approval ratings slipped after the bounce from the 1982 patriation, and by the beginning of 1984, opinion polls showed the Liberals were headed for certain defeat if Trudeau remained in office. On February 29, after a "long walk in the snow", Trudeau decided to step down, ending his 15-year tenure as Prime Minister. He formally retired on June 30.

Final years

Shortly after his retirement from politics, Trudeau joined the Montreal law firm Heenan Blaikie as counsel. Though he rarely gave speeches or spoke to the press, his interventions into public debate had a significant impact when they occurred. Trudeau wrote and spoke out against both the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord proposals to amend the Canadian constitution, arguing that they would weaken federalism and the Charter of Rights if implemented. His opposition was a critical factor leading to the defeat of the two proposals.

He also spoke out against Jacques Parizeau and the Parti Québécois with less effect. In his final years, Trudeau commanded broad respect in Canada, but was regarded with suspicion in Quebec for his role in the 1982 constitutional deal which was seen as having excluded that province, while dislike for him remained commonplace in western Canada. Trudeau also remained active in international affairs, visiting foreign leaders and participating in international associations such as the Club of Rome.

He published his memoirs in 1993; the book sold hundreds of thousands of copies in several editions, and became one of the most successful Canadian books ever published.

Trudeau lived in the historic Maison Cormier in Montreal following his retirement from politics. In the last years of his life, he was afflicted with Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer, and became less active, although he continued to work at his law office until a few months before his death at the age of 80. He was devastated by the death of his youngest son, Michel Trudeau, who was killed in an avalanche in November 1998.

Death

Main article: Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau

Pierre Elliott Trudeau died on September 28, 2000, and was buried in the Trudeau family crypt, St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery, Saint-Rémi, Quebec.[36] He lay in state to allow Canadians to pay their last respects. The response by Canadians was unprecedented in its size and public outpouring of emotion. He is survived by his ex-wife Margaret, his sons Justin Trudeau and Alexandre "Sacha" Trudeau, and his daughter, Sarah, whom he fathered by Deborah Coyne. During the state funeral, Justin delivered an emotional yet articulate eulogy[37] that led to widespread speculation in the media that a career in politics was in his future. (Justin was elected to the House of Commons in late 2008).

Marriage and children

On March 4, 1971, the Prime Minister married Margaret Sinclair, a woman who, at 22, was 30 years his junior. The couple had three children: Justin (b. December 25, 1971), Alexandre (Sacha) (b. December 25, 1973), and Michel (October 2, 1975 – 13 November 1998). They were the subject of enormous press coverage before their well-publicised legal separation in 1977. When their divorce was finalised in 1984, Trudeau became the first Prime Minister to become a single parent as the result of divorce. In 1991, Trudeau became a father again, with Deborah Coyne. This was his first and only daughter, named Sarah. Trudeau did not marry Coyne. As of 2009, he had four grandchildren: grandsons Xavier James Trudeau (Justin) and Pierre Emmanuel Trudeau (Sacha); and grandaughters Ella-Grace Margaret Trudeau (Justin) and Gala Simone Trudeau (Sacha)

Spirituality

Trudeau was a Roman Catholic, and attended church throughout his life. While mostly private about his beliefs, he made it clear that he was a believer, stating, in an interview with the United Church Observer in 1971: “I believe in life after death, I believe in God and I’m a Christian.” Trudeau maintained, however, that he preferred to impose constraints on himself rather than have them imposed from the outside. In this sense, he believed he was more like a Protestant than a Catholic of the era in which he was schooled.[38]

Michael W. Higgins, former President of St. Jerome's University, has researched Trudeau’s spirituality and finds that it incorporated elements of three Catholic traditions. The first of these was the Jesuits who provided his education up to the college level. Trudeau frequently displayed the logic and love of argument consistent with that tradition. A second great spiritual influence in Trudeau’s life was Dominican. According to Michel Gourges, Rector of the Collège Dominicain philosophie et théologie, Trudeau “considered himself a lay Dominican.” He studied philosophy under Dominican Father Louis-Marie Régis and remained close to him throughout his life, regarding Régis as “spiritual director and friend.” Another skein in Trudeau’s spirituality was a contemplative aspect acquired from his association with the Benedictine tradition. According to Higgins, Trudeau was convinced of the centrality of meditation in a life fully-lived. He took retreats at Saint-Benoît-du-Lac, Quebec and regularly attended Hours and the Eucharist at Montreal’s Benedictine community.[39]

Although never publicly theological in the way of Margaret Thatcher or Tony Blair, nor evangelical, in the way of Jimmy Carter or George W. Bush, Trudeau’s spirituality, according to Higgins, "suffused, anchored, and directed his inner life. In no small part, it defined him.”[39]

Legacy

Trudeau remains well-regarded by many Canadians.[40] However, the passage of time has only slightly softened the strong antipathy he inspired among his opponents.[41][42] Trudeau's charisma and confidence as Prime Minister, and his championing of the Canadian identity are often cited as reasons for his popularity. His strong personality, contempt for his opponents and distaste for compromise on many issues have made him, as historian Michael Bliss puts it, "one of the most admired and most disliked of all Canadian prime ministers."[43] Trudeau's electoral successes were matched in the 20th century only by those of Mackenzie King. In all, Trudeau is undoubtedly one of the most dominant and transformative figures in Canadian political history.[44][45]

Trudeau's most enduring legacy may lie in his contribution to Canadian nationalism, and of pride in Canada in and for itself rather than as a derivative of the British Commonwealth. His role in this effort, and his related battles with Quebec on behalf of Canadian unity, cemented his political position when in office despite the controversies he faced—and remain the most remembered aspect of his tenure afterward.

Some consider Trudeau's economic policies to have been a weak point. Inflation and unemployment marred much of his prime ministership. When Trudeau took office in 1968 Canada had a debt of $18 billion (24% of GDP) which was largely left over from World War II[citation needed]; when he left office in 1984, that debt stood at $200 billion (46% of GDP), an increase of 83% in real terms.[46] However, these trends were present in most western countries at the time, including the United States.[citation needed]

Though his popularity had fallen in English Canada at the time of his retirement in 1984, public opinion later became more sympathetic to him, particularly in comparison to his successor, Brian Mulroney.

Pierre Trudeau is today seen in very high regard on the Canadian political scene. Many politicians still use the term "taking a walk in the snow, " a throw-away line Trudeau used to describe his decision to leave office in 1984. Other popular Trudeauisms frequently used are "just watch me", the "Trudeau Salute", and "Fuddle Duddle".

Constitutional legacy

See also: Constitution Act, 1982

One of Trudeau's most enduring legacies is the 1982 patriation of the Canadian constitution, including a domestic amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It is seen as advancing civil rights and liberties and, notwithstanding clause aside, has become a cornerstone of Canadian values for most Canadians. It also represented the final step in Trudeau's liberal vision of a fully independent and nationalist Canada based on fundamental human rights and the protection of individual freedoms as well as those of linguistic and cultural minorities. Court challenges based on the Charter of Rights have been used to advance the cause of women's equality, re-establish French school boards in provinces such as Alberta and Saskatchewan, and to mandate the adoption of same-sex marriage all across Canada. Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, has clarified issues of aboriginal and equality rights, including establishing the previously denied aboriginal rights of Métis. Section 15, dealing with equality rights, has been used to remedy societal discrimination against minority groups. The coupling of the direct and indirect influences of the Charter has meant that it has grown to influence every aspect of Canadian life, and the override (notwithstanding clause) of the Charter has been infrequently used.

Canadian conservatives claim the Constitution has resulted in too much judicial activism on the part of the courts in Canada. It is also heavily criticized by Quebec Nationalists, who resent that the Constitution was never ratified by any Quebec government and does not recognize a constitutional veto for Quebec.

Bilingualism

See also: Bilingualism in Canada

Bilingualism is one of Trudeau's most lasting accomplishments, having been fully integrated into the Federal government's services, documents, and broadcasting (not, however, in provincial governments, except for Ontario and New Brunswick). While official bilingualism has settled some of the grievances Francophones had towards the federal government, many Francophones had hoped that Canadians would be able to function in the official language of their choice no matter where in the country they were.

However, Trudeau's ambitions in this arena have been overstated: Trudeau once said that he regretted the use of the term "bilingualism", because it appeared to demand that all Canadians speak two languages. In fact, Trudeau's vision was to see Canada as a bilingual confederation in which all cultures would have a place. In this way, his conception broadened beyond simply the relationship of Quebec to Canada.

Cultural legacy

Few outside the museum community recall the tremendous efforts Trudeau made, in the last years of his tenure, to see to it that the National Gallery of Canada and the Canadian Museum of Civilization finally had proper homes in the national capital. The Trudeau government also implemented programs which mandated Canadian content in film, and broadcasting, and gave substantial subsidies to develop the Canadian media and cultural industries. Though the policies remain controversial, Canadian media industries have become stronger since Trudeau's arrival.[citation needed]

Furthermore, his cultural legacy can be found in Canada's strong ties to multiculturalism.

Legacy with respect to western Canada

Trudeau's posthumous reputation in the Western Provinces is notably less favourable than it is in the rest of English-speaking Canada. He is often regarded as the "father of Western alienation." The reasons for this are various. Some of them are ideological. Some Canadians disapproved of official bilingualism and many other of Trudeau's policies, which they saw as moving the country away from its historic traditions and attachments, and markedly toward the political left. Such feelings were perhaps strongest in the West. Other reasons for western alienation are more plainly regional in nature. To many westerners, Trudeau's policies seemed to favour other parts of the country, especially Ontario and Quebec, at their expense. Outstanding among such policies was the National Energy Program, which was seen as unfairly depriving western provinces of the full economic benefit from their oil and gas resources, in order to pay for nationwide social programs, and make regional transfer payments to poorer parts of the country. Sentiments of this kind were especially strong in oil-rich Alberta where unemployment rose from 4% to 10% following passage of the NEP.[47] Estimates have placed Alberta's losses between $50 billion and $100 billion because of the NEP.[48][49]

More particularly, two incidents involving Trudeau are remembered as having fostered Western alienation, and as emblematic of it. During a visit to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan on July 17, 1969, Trudeau met with a group of farmers who were protesting that the federal government was not doing more to market their wheat. The widely-remembered perception is that Trudeau dismissed the protestors' concerns with "Why should I sell your wheat?" — in reality, however, the media never adequately reported the fact that he asked the question rhetorically and then proceeded to answer it himself.[50] Years later, on a train trip through Salmon Arm, British Columbia, he "gave the finger" to a group of protesters through the carriage window — less widely remembered is that the protestors were shouting anti-French slogans at the train.[51]

Legacy with respect to Quebec

Trudeau's legacy in Quebec is mixed. Many credit his actions during the October Crisis as crucial in terminating the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) as a force in Quebec, and ensuring that the campaign for Quebec separatism took a democratic and peaceful route. However, his imposition of the War Measures Act—which received majority support at the time—is remembered by some in Quebec and elsewhere as an attack on democracy. Trudeau is also credited by many for the defeat of the 1980 Quebec referendum.

At the federal level, Trudeau faced almost no strong political opposition in Quebec during his time as Prime Minister. For instance, his Liberal party captured 74 out of 75 Quebec seats in the 1980 federal election. Provincially, though, Quebecers twice elected the pro-sovereignty Parti Québécois. Moreover, there were not then any pro-sovereignty federal parties such as the Bloc Québécois. Since the signing of the Constitutional Act of Canada in 1982, the Liberal Party of Canada has never succeeded in winning a majority of seats in Quebec. Trudeau is disliked by many Québécois, particularly in the news media, the academic and political establishments.[52] While his reputation has grown in English Canada since his retirement in 1984, it has not improved in Quebec.

Intellectual contributions

Trudeau made a number of contributions throughout his career to the intellectual discourse of Canadian politics. Trudeau was a strong advocate for a federalist model of government in Canada, developing and promoting his ideas in response and contrast to strengthening Quebec nationalist movements, for instance the social and political atmosphere created during Maurice Duplessis' time in power [53]. Federalism in this context can be defined as “a particular way of sharing political power among different peoples within a state…Those who believe in federalism hold that different peoples do not need states of their own in order to enjoy self-determination. Peoples…may agree to share a single state while retaining substantial degrees of self-government over matters essential to their identity as peoples” [54]. As a social democrat, Trudeau sought to combine and harmonize his theories on social democracy with those of federalism so that both could find effective expression in Canada. He noted the ostensible conflict between socialism, with its usually strong centralist government model, and federalism, which expounded a division and cooperation of power by both federal and provincial levels of government [55]. In particular, Trudeau states that socialists,

rather than water down…their socialism, must constantly seek ways of adapting it to a bicultural society governed under a federal constitution. And since the future of Canadian federalism lies clearly in the direction of co-operation, the wise socialist will turn his thoughts in that direction, keeping in mind the importance of establishing buffer zones of joint sovereignty and co-operative zones of joint administration between the two levels of government [56].

Trudeau pointed out that in sociological terms, Canada is inherently a federalist society, forming unique regional identities and priorities, and therefore a federalist model of spending and jurisdictional powers is most appropriate. He argues, “in the age of the mass society, it is no small advantage to foster the creation of quasi-sovereign communities at the provincial level, where power is that much less remote from the people” [57].

Unfortunately, Trudeau’s idealistic plans for a cooperative Canadian federalist state were resisted and hindered as a result of his narrowness on ideas of identity and socio-cultural pluralism: “While the idea of a ‘nation’ in the sociological sense is acknowledged by Trudeau, he considers the allegiance which it generates—emotive and particularistic—to be contrary to the idea of cohesion between humans, and as such creating fertile ground for the internal fragmentation of states and a permanent state of conflict” [58]. This position garnered significant criticism for Trudeau, in particular from Quebec and First Nations peoples on the basis that his theories denied their rights to nationhood [59]. First Nations communities raised particular concerns with the proposed 1969 White Paper, developed under Trudeau by Jean Chrétien.

Supreme Court appointments

Trudeau chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:

Honours

The following honours were bestowed upon him by the Governor General, or by Queen Elizabeth II herself:

Other honours include:

Honorary degrees

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Trudeau in film

Through hours of archival footage and interviews with Trudeau himself, the recent documentary Memoirs details the story of a man who used intelligence and charisma to bring together a country that was very nearly torn apart.

Trudeau's life is depicted in two CBC Television mini-series. The first one, Trudeau[72] (with Colm Feore in the title role), depicts his years as Prime Minister. Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making[73] (with Stéphane Demers as the young Pierre, and Tobie Pelletier as him in later years) portrays his earlier life.

The 1999 documentary film Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the 70's Generation explores the impact of Trudeau's vision of Canadian bilingualism through interviews with eight young Canadians.

He was the co-subject along with René Lévesque in the Donald Brittain-directed documentary mini-seriesThe Champions.

Trudeau in music

Trudeau is name-checked in the song "Wilted Rose" by the Vanity Project (a side project band featuring former Barenaked Ladies singer Steven Page). The lyrics says "like Pierre Trudeau's walk out in the snow."[74]

A homage to Trudeau is "Song for a Father" by Jian Ghomeshi (of Moxy Fruvous Fame) which chronicles the life of the politician.

Works by Trudeau

  • Memoirs. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1993. ISBN 0-7710-8588-5
  • Towards a just society: the Trudeau years, with Thomas S. Axworthy, (eds.) Markham, Ont.: Viking, 1990.
  • The Canadian Way: Shaping Canada's Foreign Policy 1968–1984, with Ivan Head
  • Two innocents in Red China, with Jacques Hébert 1960.
  • Against the Current: Selected Writings. Gerard Pelletier (ed)
  • The Essential Trudeau. Ron Graham, (ed.) Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1998. ISBN 0-7710-8591-5
  • The asbestos strike. (Grève de l'amiante), translated by James Boake 1974
  • Pierre Trudeau Speaks Out on Meech Lake. Donald J. Johnston, (ed). Toronto: General Paperbacks, 1990. ISBN 0-7736-7244-3
  • Approaches to politics. Introd. by Ramsay Cook. Prefatory note by Jacques Hébert. Translated by I. M. Owen. from the French Cheminements de la politique. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1970. ISBN 0-19-540176-X
  • Underwater Man, with Joe Macinnis and Joseph B. Macinnis.
  • Federalism and the French Canadians. Introd. by John T. Saywell. 1968
  • Conversation with Canadians. Foreword by Ivan L. Head. Toronto, Buffalo: University of Toronto Press 1972. ISBN 0-8020-1888-2
  • The best of Trudeau. Toronto: Modern Canadian Library. 1972 ISBN 0-919364-08-X
  • Lifting the shadow of war. C. David Crenna, editor. Edmonton: Hurtig, c1987. ISBN 0-88830-300-9
  • Human rights, federalism and minorities. (Les droits de l'homme, le fédéralisme et les minorités), with Allan Gotlieb and the Canadian Institute of International Affairs
  • À contre-courant: textes choisis, 1939–1996, with Gérard Pelletier.

See also

Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pierre Elliott Trudeau
Search Wikiquote Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Pierre Trudeau

Footnotes

  1. ^ Kaufman, Michael T. (September 29, 2000). "Pierre Trudeau Is Dead at 80; Dashing Fighter for Canada". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03E0DD163DF93AA1575AC0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved on 2008-06-25. 
  2. ^ Clarkson, S. and C. McCall (1990). Trudeau and Our Times, Volume 1: The Magnificent Obsession. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0771054143
  3. ^ Mallick, Heather (September 30, 2000). Trudeau made intellect interesting. Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919-2000. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved on: October 9, 2008.
  4. ^ Globe and Mail (September 29, 2000). The elements that made Pierre Trudeau great Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919-2000. Retrieved on: October 9, 2008.
  5. ^ Fortin, Pierre (October 9, 2000). Grounds for success. Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919-2000. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved on: October 9, 2008.
  6. ^ Downey, Donn (September 30, 2000). "Ambulant life made him one-of-a-kind". Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919–2000 (Globe and Mail). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/trudeau/ambulant.html. Retrieved on 2006-12-05. 
  7. ^ a b c d e Memoirs, by Pierre Trudeau, Toronto 1993, McClelland & Stewart publishers.
  8. ^ Winsor, Hugh (April 8, 2006). "Closest friends surprised by Trudeau revelations" (fee required). Globe and Mail: p. A6. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20060408.TRUDEAU08/TPStory/?query=Pierre+Trudeau+Hugh+Winsor. Retrieved on 2006-12-05. 
  9. ^ "Anecdote: A prime minister in disguise". National Archives of Canada, Canada's Prime Ministers, 1867–1994: Biographies and Anecdotes. 1994. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/primeministers/h4-3382-e.html. 
  10. ^ Citizen of the World: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau, volume 1, by John English, 2006.
  11. ^ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 145,146. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6). 
  12. ^ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6). 
  13. ^ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6). 
  14. ^ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6). 
  15. ^ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6). 
  16. ^ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6). 
  17. ^ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6). 
  18. ^ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6). 
  19. ^ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6). 
  20. ^ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 289,292. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6). 
  21. ^ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 364. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6). 
  22. ^ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 364,365. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6). 
  23. ^ Memoirs, by Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Toronto 1993, McClelland & Stewart publishers, pp. 63–64.
  24. ^ http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/rights_freedoms/topics/538/ Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos]. [TV clip]. Canada: CBC. 1967-12-21.  Although usually attributed solely to Trudeau, the quote is a paraphrase by him from an editorial that appeared in the Globe and Mail on December 12, 1967 (page 61) which read in part: "Obviously, the state's responsibility should be to legislate rules for a well-ordered society. It has no right or duty to creep into the bedrooms of the nation."
  25. ^ Lubor J. Zink, Trudeaucracy, Toronto: Toronto Sun Publishing Ltd., 1972, back cover: "Lubor Zink is the one who first coined those two terms of our times – Trudeaumania and Trudeaucracy."
  26. ^ CBC Archives. The PM won't let 'em rain on his parade. cbc.ca Television clip. Recording Date: June 24, 1968. Retrieved on: November 14, 2007.
  27. ^ Maclean's Magazine (April 6, 1998) Trudeau, 30 Years Later. The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica. Retrieved on: November 14, 2007.
  28. ^ Mount Allison University (2001). The War Measures Act. The Centre for Canadian Studies - Study Guides. Retrieved on: June 21, 2008.
  29. ^ Munroe, Susan. October Crisis Timeline: Key Events in the October Crisis in Canada. About.com. Retrieved on: June 21, 2008.
  30. ^ Ottawa Citizen (December 23, 1969). PM – 'a beautiful person'. Retrieved on: June 21, 2008.
  31. ^ Edwards, Peter (2008-01-03). "Confessions of a mobster: 'My job was to kill Pierre Trudeau'". Toronto Star (Toronto, Ontario: Torstar). http://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/290634. Retrieved on 2008-01-03. 
  32. ^ Memoirs, by Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Toronto 1993, McClelland & Stewart publishers.
  33. ^ a b Heinricks, Geoff; Canadian Monarchist News: Trudeau and the Monarchy; Winter/Spring, 2000–01; reprinted from the National Post
  34. ^ "Between 1970 and 1976, while Canada's population had grown by 8 per cent, the federal bureaucracy had expanded by 30 per cent, while the number of senior civil servants had ballooned by 127 per cent. In July, Gallup found for the first time that as many Canadians blamed big government for their troubles as blamed the perennial scapegoat, big labour." The Northern Magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians, by Richard Gwyn, Toronto, 1980, McClelland and Stewart, 325.
  35. ^ Exchange of correspondence between Pierre E. Trudeau and René Lévesque on the patriation of the Canadian constitution, 1981–1982
  36. ^ Gravesite of the Right Honourable Pierre Elliott Trudeau
  37. ^ CBC News—Justin Trudeau's eulogy, October 3, 2000
  38. ^ Trudeau, P. 1996. Against the Current: Selected Writings 1939–1996. G. Pelletier, ed. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 302–303.
  39. ^ a b Higgins, M. 2004. “Defined by Spirituality,” in English, J., R. Gwyn and P.W. Lackenbauer, eds. The Hidden Pierre Trudeau: The Faith Behind the Politics. Ottawa: Novalis. 26–30.
  40. ^ "Trudeau tops 'greatest Canadian' poll." Toronto Star, 2002-02-16. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.
  41. ^ "The Worst Canadian?", The Beaver 87 (4), Aug/Sep 2007. The article reports the results of a promotional, online survey by write-in vote for "the worst Canadian", which the magazine carried out in the preceding months, and in which Trudeau polled highest.
  42. ^ Brian Mulroney, who was Prime Minister at the time of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords, and one of the chief forces behind them, sharply criticized Trudeau's opposition to them, in his 2007 autobiography, Memoir: 1939-1993. CTV News: Mulroney says Trudeau to blame for Meech failure; September 5, 2007
  43. ^ Bliss, M. "The Prime Ministers of Canada: Pierre Elliot Trudeau" Seventh Floor Media. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.
  44. ^ Whitaker, R. "Trudeau, Pierre Elliot" The Canadian Encyclopedia Historica. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.
  45. ^ Behiels, M. "Competing Constitutional Paradigms:Trudeau versus the Premiers, 1968–1982" Saskatchewan Institute of Public Policy. Regina, Saskatchewan. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.
  46. ^ Centre for the Study of Living Standard—GDP figures
  47. ^ Alberta's economy
  48. ^ Vicente, Mary Elizabeth (2005). "The National Energy Program". Canada’s Digital Collections (Heritage Community Foundation). http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/events/issues_nep.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-26. 
  49. ^ Mansell, Robert; Schlenker, Ron; Anderson, John (2005) (PDF). Energy, Fiscal Balances and National Sharing. Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economy/University of Calgary. http://www.iseee.ca/files/iseee/ISEEEResearchReportNov1805.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-04-26. 
  50. ^ "Chrétien Accused of Lying", Maclean's, December 23, 1996.
  51. ^ Anthony Westell, Paradox: Trudeau as Prime Minister.
  52. ^ Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Quebec and the Constitution
  53. ^ (Gagnon 2000)
  54. ^ (Ignatieff qtd. in Balthazar 1995, 6)
  55. ^ (Trudeau 1968)
  56. ^ (Ibid. 141)
  57. ^ (Ibid. 133)
  58. ^ (Gagnon 2000, 16-17)
  59. ^ (Ibid.)
  60. ^ Canada Privy Council Office—Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, Version: February 6, 2006
  61. ^ Governor General of Canada—Pierre Elliott Trudeau—Companion of the Order of Canada, October 30, 1985
  62. ^ Royal Heraldry Society of Canada—Arms of Canada's Prime Ministers
  63. ^ Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School
  64. ^ CBC Article—Mt. Trudeau named; CBC Article—Mount Trudeau to be officially named in June
  65. ^ Takahashi, M. et all (2005). Mastering Judo. USA: Human Kinetics.
  66. ^ Duke University—Center for Canadian Studies
  67. ^ "Vol. 4. Conferment of Honorary Degree of Doctor". Keio University. http://www.keio.ac.jp/english/keio_in_depth/keio_view/004.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-21. 
  68. ^ "Bob Rae, Ben Heppner and William Hutt among Queen’s honorary degree recipients". Queen's University. 2006-05-02. http://qnc.queensu.ca/story_loader.php?id=44577a1357ae9. Retrieved on 2009-05-21. 
  69. ^ Leitch, Andrew (2000-09-29). "Trudeau legacy lives on, say profs". University of Alberta ExpressNews. http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=554. Retrieved on 2009-05-21. 
  70. ^ "Honorary Degrees and Titles". University of Macau. http://www.umac.mo/reg/UMCalendar/appendices/(12)A-HDT.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-05-21. 
  71. ^ Pallascio, Jacques (2000-10-06). "Pierre Trudeau and U of O". University of Ottawa Gazette. http://www.uottawa.ca/services/markcom/gazette/001006/001006-art02-e.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-21. 
  72. ^ "Trudeau" (2002) mini-series IMDB Page
  73. ^ "Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making" (2005) mini-series IMDB Page
  74. ^ vanity-project.com

Further reading

  • Bergeron, Gérard. Notre miroir à deux faces: Trudeau-Lévesque. Montreal: Québec/Amérique, c1985. ISBN 2-89-037239-1
  • Bliss, Michael. Right Honourable Men: the descent of Canadian politics from Macdonald to Mulroney, 1994.
  • Bowering, George. Egotists and Autocrats: the Prime Ministers of Canada, 1999.
  • Burelle, André. Pierre Elliott Trudeau: l'intellectuel et le politique, Montréal: Fides, 2005, 480 pages. ISBN 276212669X
  • Butler, Rick, Jean-Guy Carrier, eds. The Trudeau decade. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1979.
  • Butson, Thomas G. Pierre Elliott Trudeau. New York: Chelsea House, c1986. ISBN 0-87-754445-X
  • Clarkson, Stephen; McCall, Christina. Trudeau and our times. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1990–c1994. 2 v. ISBN 0-77-105414-9 ISBN 0-77-105417-3
  • Cohen, Andrew, J. L. Granatstein, eds. Trudeau's Shadow: the life and legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 1999.
  • Couture, Claude. Paddling with the Current: Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Étienne Parent, liberalism and nationalism in Canada. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, c1998. Issued also in French: La loyauté d'un laïc. ISBN 1417593067 ISBN 0888643136
  • Donaldson, Gordon (journalist). The Prime Ministers of Canada, 1997.
  • English, John. "Citizen of the World: the life of Pierre Elliot Trudeau. Volume One 1919–1968" Knopf Canada, 2006 ISBN 0676975216 ISBN 978-0676975215
  • Ferguson, Will. Bastards and Boneheads: Canada's Glorious Leaders, Past and Present, 1999.
  • Griffiths, Linda. Maggie & Pierre: a fantasy of love, politics and the media: a play. Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1980. ISBN 0889221820
  • Gwyn, Richard. The Northern Magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1980. ISBN 0771037325
  • Hillmer, Norman and Granatstein, J.L. Prime Ministers: Rating Canada's Leaders, 1999. ISBN 0-00-200027-X.
  • Laforest, Guy. Trudeau and the end of a Canadian dream. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, c1995. ISBN 0773513000 ISBN 0773513221
  • Lotz, Jim. Prime Ministers of Canada, 1987.
  • McDonald, Kenneth. His pride, our fall: recovering from the Trudeau revolution. Toronto: Key Porter Books, c1995. ISBN 155013714X
  • McIlroy, Thad, ed. A Rose is a rose: a tribute to Pierre Elliott Trudeau in cartoons and quotas. Toronto: Doubleday, 1984. ISBN 038519787X ISBN 0385197888
  • Nemni, Max and Nemni, Monique. Young Trudeau: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada, 1919-1944. Toronto: Douglas Gibson Books, 2006. ISBN 0771067496 (Based on private papers and diaries of Pierre Trudeau which he gave the authors in 1995)
  • Peterson, Roy. Drawn & quartered: the Trudeau years. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1984.
  • Radwanski, George. Trudeau. New York: Taplinger Pub. Co., 1978. ISBN 0800878973
  • Ricci, Nino. Extraordinary Canadians Pierre Elliott Trudeau (2009)
  • Sawatsky, John. The Insiders: Government, Business, and the Lobbyists, 1987.
  • Simpson, Jeffrey. Discipline of power: the Conservative interlude and the Liberal restoration. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1984. ISBN 0920510248
  • Stewart, Walter. Shrug: Trudeau in power. Toronto: New Press, 1971. ISBN 0887700810
  • Southam, Nancy. Pierre, McClelland & Stewart, September 19, 2006, 408 pages ISBN 978-0-7710-8168-2
  • Simard, François-Xavier. Le vrai visage de Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Montréal: Les Intouchables, April 19, 2006 ISBN 2-89549-217-4
  • Vastel, Michel. The outsider: the life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, c1990. 266 pages. Translation of: Trudeau, le Québécois. ISBN 0771591004
  • Walters, Eric. Voyageur, Toronto: Penguin Groups 2008
  • Zink, Lubor J. Trudeaucracy. Toronto: Toronto Sun Publishing Ltd., 1972. 150 pages. ISBN 1301459780

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Political offices
Preceded by
Jean Chretien		 Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister
1966-1967		 Succeeded by
unknown
Preceded by
Louis Cardin		 Minister of Justice
Served under Lester B. Pearson
1967–1968		 Succeeded by
John Turner
Preceded by
Walter Gordon		 President of the Privy Council "acting"
1968		 Succeeded by
Allan MacEachen
Preceded by
Lester B. Pearson		 Prime Minister of Canada
1968–1979		 Succeeded by
Joe Clark
Preceded by
Joe Clark		 Leader of the Opposition
1979–1980
Prime Minister of Canada
1980–1984		 Succeeded by
John Turner
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Francesco Cossiga
Italy		 Chair of the G8
1981		 Succeeded by
François Mitterrand
France
Parliament of Canada
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Alan Macnaughton		 Member of Parliament for Mount Royal
1965–1984		 Succeeded by
Sheila Finestone
Party political offices
Preceded by
Lester Pearson		 Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada
1968–1984		 Succeeded by
John Turner
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Canadian Newsmaker of the Year

Igor Gouzenko (1946) · Barbara Ann Scott(1947) · William Lyon Mackenzie King (1948) · Louis St. Laurent (1949) · Lester Pearson(1950-1953) · Marilyn Bell (1954) · Lester Pearson(1955-1956) · John Diefenbaker (1957-1960) · Joey Smallwood (1959) · James Coyne (1961) · Réal Caouette (1962) · Lester Pearson(1963-1964) · Lucien Rivard (1965) · John Diefenbaker (1966) · Lester Pearson(1967) · Pierre Trudeau (1968-1975) · René Lévesque (1976-1977) · Pierre Trudeau (1978) · Joe Clark (1979) · Terry Fox (1980-1981) · Wayne Gretzky (1982) · Brian Mulroney (1983-1984) · Steve Fonyo (1985) · Rick Hansen (1986-1987) · Ben Johnson (1988) · Michael Wilson (1989) · Elijah Harper (1990) · Brian Mulroney (1991) · The referendum on the Charlottetown Accord (1992) · Kim Campbell (1993) · Jacques Parizeau (1994) · Lucien Bouchard (1995) · Donovan Bailey (1996) · Sheldon Kennedy (1997) · Jean Chrétien (1998) · Pierre Trudeau (1999, as Newsmaker of the 20th Century) · Pierre Trudeau (2000) · Stockwell Day (2001) · Jean Chrétien (2002) · Paul Martin (2003-2004) · John Gomery (2005) · The Canadian Soldier (2006) · RCMP (2007) · Stephen Harper (2008)

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