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According to the Torah how did judaism begin and which central beliefs emerged from the origins of Judaism?
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∙ 11y ago
According to the Jewish Oral Torah, Abraham (18th century BCE) was the first Jew (Talmud, Sukkah 49b). He came from ancestry that had been God-fearing a couple of centuries earlier but had slipped into idolatry in recent generations (Joshua 24:2). Nimrod, the idolatrous tyrant, had brought Abraham's father (Terah) from the Semitic ancestral seat near the conjunction of the Balikh and the Euphrates, and instated him in a position of power in his army in the royal Babylonian city of Ur. Nimrod persecuted any who would question his idolatrous cult.
The Kuzari (Rabbi Judah HaLevi, 1075-1141) states that Abraham was gifted with high intelligence; and, as Maimonides (1135-1204) describes, Abraham didn't blindly accept the ubiquitous idolatry. The whole populace had been duped, but the young Abraham contemplated the matter relentlessly, finally arriving at the conclusion that there is One God and that this should be taught to others as well. This is what is meant by his "calling out in the name of the Lord" (Genesis ch.12). As a young man, he remonstrated with passersby in public, demonstrating to them the falsehood of their idols; and our tradition tells how he was threatened and endangered by Nimrod. Later in life, God said to Abraham in prophecy to move to the Holy Land, which is where Abraham raised his family.
He continued his contemplations, eventually arriving at the attitudes and forms of behavior which God later incorporated into the Torah given to Moses. Abraham taught disciples (Talmud, Yoma 28b), gave tithes (Genesis ch.14), strove to raise a family (Genesis ch.15, 17, and 24) which would serve God, made a covenant with God (Genesis ch.15 and 17), welcomed guests into his home (Genesis ch.18) unlike the inhospitable Sodomites (Genesis ch.19), prayed for people (Genesis ch.18), rebuked others when necessary (Genesis ch.20), eulogized and buried the deceased (Genesis ch.23), and fulfilled God's will unquestioningly (Genesis ch.22). He became renowned as a prince of God (Genesis 23:6).
It is therefore clear why God expresses His love for Abraham (Isaiah 41:8) and calls Himself the God of Abraham (Genesis 26:24), and says that Abraham obeyed Him fully (Genesis 26:5). And this is why, according to our tradition, Abraham is credited with having founded the religion which became known as Judaism. (However, Abraham and his descendants observed their traditions voluntarily, until the Giving of the Torah to Moses, when God made it obligatory.)
Central beliefs for Jews which emerged from the origins of Judaism:
1. God exists, and is the Creator
2. God is One and unique
3. God is not physical
4. God is eternal
5. Prayer is to be directed only to God
6. The words of the prophets are true
7. The prophecies of Moses are true; he was the greatest prophet
8. The Torah was given to Moses
9. There will be no other Torah
10. God knows the thoughts and deeds of all
11. God rewards the good and punishes the wicked
12. The Messiah will come
13. The dead will be resurrected.
Central beliefs for non-Jews which emerged from the origins of Judaism:
1) The Jews' monotheistic religious tradition shaped the Western beliefs about God.
2) The 7-day week, including a day of rest.
3) The concept of morality, including the dignity and value of a person. Under Israelite law, everyone had recourse to the courts. A child, widow, wife, etc., could initiate legal action against any citizen to redress perpetrated harm. (Compare this to those societies in which only mature, land-owning males had rights.)
4) Parents are responsible for teaching children. Illiteracy among Israelites, in every generation, was rare.
5) Infants are to be protected and cared for, whether or not they turned out to be the gender you were hoping for.
6) Cruelty to animals is not acceptable.
7) Government is accountable to a higher authority. In other ancient societies, the monarch was all-powerful. Among the Israelites, however, the king was under the constant scrutiny of the Divinely-informed prophets, who didn't hesitate to castigate him publicly for any misstep in the sight of God. And, other than for the crime of rebellion, the king couldn't punish any citizen by his own decision. He was obligated by the Torah-procedures like everyone else.
8) A robber repays double to his victim, or works it off. Cutting off the hands of a robber is unacceptable.
9) It is the responsibility of the community to support the widow, the orphan, the poor, and the stranger passing through.
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∙ 11y ago
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