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The Basic principle is verysimilar to a petrol/gasoline engine. The standard 4 stroke diesel has 4 parts cycles. In the induction stroke when the piston is going down and the inlet valve is open air is sucked in (in a turbo engine blown in). At the bottom of the stroke both valves are shut and the piston is forced up by the flywheel/other cylinders. The air gets very hot and just before the top diesel is injected as a mist and it ignites and forces the piston down (power stroke). At the end of the power stroke the piston is forced back up and the exhaust valve is open and the burnt gases are pushed out of the exhaust pipe. The cycle then starts again.
The main difference between gasoline engines and Diesels are:-
The compression ratio of diesels are around double than petrol's around 1:16-1:22
The fuel is injected directly into the cylinder
There are no spark plugs as the heat generated by compression ignites the fuel mist.
Diesels are built of a heavier construction to withstand higher stresses
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