No, not until they have obtained that citizenship.
Yes, they can live in the country while their citizenship application is being processed if they have obtained a visa.
how many months must you live in the state you apply for citizenship
The benefits of citizenship includes having rights and protection from the country of citizenship. In the US for example, citizens can re-enter the country multiple times.
It depends on the country and the situation. Some countries require that you give up one of your citizenships. Also, if you have citizenship of a country that requires you live (or at least return) for a set period of time (as in you visit at least once a year or live there for a certain number of years per number of years you live outside of the country) and you live outside of said country for too long, you may lose citizenship (note: some citizenships allow that you live outside of the country indefinitely).
That depends on the country you live in, as well as citizenship status of said country
Yes. Citizenship is not lost unless your mother chose another country of citizenship after she became over 18. Adults are not allowed dual citizenship.
You never lose US citizenship unless you either renounce it voluntarily or by serving in the army of a country that is in war with the US.
It means that you aren't a citizen of the country, but you're living in the counrty on a Green card or something. You can legally live in the country.
No, if you are a legal citizen of the U.S. or Canada or any other country then you can continue to live in that country after your divorce.
Each country has different rules.
No. Michael Ignatieff never applied for US citizenship. He did live abroad for almost half of his life though (about 30 years). If he had obtained US citizenship, he would have lost it by taking his oath of office. http://travel.state.gov/law/citizenship/citizenship_778.html
Identity is how you would describe yourself... name, weight, age, morals, values, etc where citizenship is your legal right to live in a specific country.
Legal aliens come from their country and take all the citizenship tests they need to. Meanwhile illegal aliens live in a foreign country without taking any of the citizenship tests.