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The term apostle is derived from Classical Greek ἀπόστολος (apóstolos), meaning "one who is sent away", from στέλλω ("stello", "send") + από (apo, "away from").[1]The literal meaning in English is therefore an "emissary", from the Latin mitto ("send") and ex ("from"). The purpose of such "sending away" (not strictly "forth" which implies "forward", πρό (pró in Greek), and pro in Latin) is to convey messages. Thus "a messenger" is a common alternative translation, but distinguished from Greek: ἄγγελος ("angel" or "messenger").[1]In the case of the Christian apostles, the message they were sent away to convey was very broadly the message of the "good news of the Gospel of Jesus Christ", and they were sent away by Jesus to the Jews in Matthew 10(see also Matthew 10), as the following quote from verses 1 to 7 reveals:[2]

(1):"And when he had called unto him his twelve disciples, he gave them power against unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all manner of sickness and all manner of disease.(2): Now the names of the twelve apostles are these:...(5)These twelve Jesus sent forth and commanded them, saying, go not into the way of the Gentiles and into any city of the Samaritans enter ye not (6): but go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel (7)And as ye go preach saying 'The kingdom of heaven is at hand'"

Before their sending away the twelve had been mere "disciples", from Latin discipulus, one who learns, from disco, to learn.[3]This event was for them thus a form of graduation,[4]when they stepped-up from being students to teachers. Shaliah is a comparable Hebrew term of the Greek word apostle. Jesus is stated in The Bible to have had twelve apostleswho by the Great Commission spread the message of the Gospel to all nations after his resurrection. There is also an orthodox tradition derived from the Gospel of Luke of Seventy Apostles.

Saul of Tarsus (aka Paul), not one of the twelve or the seventy but a later convert, claimed to be "the apostle of the Gentiles",[Romans 11:13] even though other apostles actively recruited Gentiles(non-Jews) and St. Peter's role was never restricted to just apostle to the Jews (see also Circumcision controversy in early Christianity, Incident at Antioch, Primacy of Simon Peter, and Paul of Tarsus and Judaism), indeed traditionally the first Gentile convert is considered to be Cornelius the Centurion, who was recruited by Peter. Paul claimed a special commission from the resurrected Jesus, separate from the Great Commission given to the twelve. Paul did not restrict the term apostle to the twelve, referring to his mentor Barnabas and others as apostles, either because he didn't know it or resisted it.[5]This restricted usage appears in Revelation.[5][6]In modern usage, major missionaries are sometimes termed apostles, as in Saint Patrick, Apostle of Ireland.[5]

The sub-period of Early Christianity during the lifetimes of the apostlesis called the Apostolic Age.[7]In the 2nd century, association with the apostles was esteemed as evidence of authority and such churches are known as Apostolic Sees. Paul's epistles were accepted as scripture (see Development of the New Testament canon), and two of the four gospels were associated with apostles, as were other New Testament works. Various Christian texts, such as the Didache and the Apostolic Constitutions, were attributed to the twelve apostles. Bishops traced their lines of succession back to individual apostles, who were said to have established churches across great territories. Christian bishops have traditionally claimed authority deriving, by apostolic succession, from the twelve.[5]Early Church Fathers came to be associated with apostles, such as Pope Clement I with Peter the apostle (see Apostolic Fathers). The Apostles' Creed, popular in the West, was said to have been composed by the apostlesthemselves.

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Q: Contribution of twelve apostles to the church?
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