Could you summarize the paragraphs

Answer 1

Learners are at the center of all theories of teaching, and their role in learning has been studied from many different perspectives, including those seen in the disciplines of psychology, education, and second language acquisition. A focus on learners and their contribution to learning appeared in many fields of education in the 1980s with the notion of learner-centeredness - an educational philosophy that has had a wide impact on education in the last 50 years in both general education and language teaching. This represents a broader view of the contribution of learners to learning - one that can be seen as either complementing the views implicit in different approaches and methods or prompting a rethinking of some of the assumption of methods. One of the assumptions underlying a learner-centered perspective is that learning is not necessarily a mirror image of teaching. Learners bring dispositions to language learning that may operate in tandem with the assumptions of an approach or method, or independently of it. Successful learners create their own learning pathways, and effective teachers seek to recognize learners' approaches to learning, to help them acquire effective learning strategies and to build a focus on the learner into their lessons. The beliefs which teachers and learners have concerning second or foreign language learning have been the subject of numerous research studies.