No, but you will need some form of valid photographic ID (a passport is ideal).
No (but valid photo ID is needed if flying)
No. Domestic flights within the UK do not require a passport. Any valid form of photographic ID is suitable.
does my passport need to be in date to go to belfast
No
No, Belfast is in Northern Ireland which is part of the UK - you don't need a passport to travel from one part of the country to another.
No
No but you do need I.D.
Yes
You can't travel from Edinburgh to Belfast by train because Belfast is in Ireland which is an island. The easiest way is to fly.
Most British passports are issued in London but there is also a passport office in Liverpool. There is also one in Edinburgh and one in Belfast.
No you need a passport if you are flying in from overseas. If you are on the same continent then a passport is not required. As for hotel stays you just need to have the funds to pay for the room.
You can't travel directly to Belfast by train because Belfast is in Ireland (an island) and Edinburgh is in Scotland.
No but you will need photographic identity. Check wit the ferry company.
Yes - you will need to show it on arrival in Prague and to leave Northern Ireland.