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how is tool steel made?

Updated: 10/24/2022
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10y ago

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Tool steel is produced by one of two different methods. They are the conventional method and the powder metal method of production. Most tool steels are produced using the conventional method.

This method involves loading a crucible with the proper amounts of each element including iron, carbon, manganese and chromium etc. An electrical currrent is passed through the charge through use of an electrode. The metals melt and are poured into a mold to form an ingot. This ingot solidifies and forging and rolling processes are performed on it until it forms the desired size and shape.

In the powder metal process, the metals are loaded and melted in the crucible, then the molten metal is passed through a high-pressure gas jet where it is immediately frozen into micro-ingots. Each one of these micro-ingots has the same chemical composition as the original melt. These micro-ingots, or powder, are encapsulated and hot isostatically pressed to form an ingot. This ingot is finish processed the same as the conventional method.

See the related links below for more information on tool steel production.

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Sigurd Nolan

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How to heat treat 440c stainless?

Heat treating of tool steel is a fairly simple process. Precautions must be taken to protect the tool steel from exposure to oxygen. Tool steels are susceptible to decarburization due to their relatively high heat treating temperature. Stress relieving of the tool steel may be necessary, especially if the tools are complex in design or have been heavily machined. Preheating may be required to reduce the chance of cracking or distortion. The tool steel is generally heat treated between 1500 and 2200F, depending on the grade of tool steel. The tool steel is held at the austenizing temperature longer enough for the elements to be dissolved into solution, then the tool steel is quenched. Quenching can be performed in air, water, oil or vacuum. The quenching medium is determined by the required quench rate and alloy content of the chosen grade. After quenching, the tool steel must be tempered. Tempering is usually perfromed between 350 and 1200F.


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