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How are abbreviations acronyms and initialisms different?

Updated: 8/19/2019
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An abbreviation is simply a shortening of a word or phrase. An abbreviation can be an acronym or an initialism.

An acronym can be pronounced like a word: AFLAC (as uttered by the company's mascot duck), NASA, or URL.

More acronyms:

AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome

UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission from Radiation

RADAR - Radio detection and ranging

An initialism is like an acronym but with each letter pronounced separately, such as FBI, USA, HIV.

More abbreviations:

QPSK - Quater Phase Shift Keying

UK - United Kingdom

SMH - shaking my head

Exception: the World Health Organization is abbreviated to WHO.

However, it's not pronounced "who" but rather spelled out: W - H - O.

So, while it can be articulated as a word, it is actually an initialism.

There are no strict rules about how the shortening is done.

There are also no rules about whether they're capitalized.

Generally, all acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations.

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Q: How are abbreviations acronyms and initialisms different?
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