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In antiquity dyes were made from earth pigments, minerals plants or insects. Many dyeing techniques were forest developed by the Egyptians

Mineral pigments are natural earth pigments which are minerals found in rocks and soils, mainly hydrated iron oxide or variations of it. or pigments extracted from mineral ores. Ochre was the most a widely used natural earth pigment which ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. There was yellow ochre, which is limonite hydrated iron oxide, brown ochre, which is goethite, a partly hydrated iron oxide, red ochre, which is made reddish by hematite, an anhydrous (waterless) iron oxide, and purple ochre which is hematite with greater particles, which gives it its different hue. Sienna also contains limonite and a small amount of manganese oxide is darker than ochre. Umber is a natural brown or reddish-brown earth pigment contains a larger proportion of manganese oxide and is the darkest of the earth pigments. Vermillion is a scarlet pigment made form cinnabar. This is a common ore of Mercury found in recent volcanic formations and alkaline hot springs.

Lake pigments were made by precipitating dyes made from plants or insects with an inert binder, or mordant, usually a metallic salt which is insoluble and white or neutral colour and a low tinting strength so that it does not alter the colour of the dye. Chalk, white clay or crushed bones were used. They are sources of calcium. The types of lake pigments were:

Indigo lake was made from woad leaves. This was a blue dye and was important because blue dyes were rare. Indigo from plants in the genus Indigofera, which are native to the tropics. It was a very deep blue and was imported form India, but in small quantities because it was very expensive.

Rose madder lake was made from the root of the madder plant. This plant contains two red dyes alizarin and purpurin. Alizarin was the main ingredient to make both rose madder and Alizarin crimson. Its colour could be varied from pink to brown depending on the mordant which was used. Purpurin had a red-yellow colour.

Yellow dyes were extracted from saffron, pomegranate rind, turmeric, safflower, onionskins, and a number of weedy flowering plants. Weld, a pant native to Britain was an important dye.

Plants that yield green dyes are rare. It was obtained by treating yellow dies with an iron mordant. The bue dies woad and indigo were nixed with yellow dies to get shades of green.

Tyrian purple also called royal or imperial purple was a luxury dye and was expensive that it became a status symbol and sumptuary laws restricted its use. It was also valued because instead of fading itbecame brighter and more intense with weathering and sunlight. It came to be worn only by the emperors and only for ceremonial occasions. Senators and high priest wore the toga preatexta, which had a purple border. The emperor Alexander Severus (225-235) imposed state monopoly on its use. This was retained by the Byzantine Empire. It was more of a purple-red dye, rather than actual purple. It was extracted from sea snails, the spiny dye-murex (he Romans called it Murex brandaris). It was harvested in the eastern Mediterranean and the purple for Tyre, a Phoenician city, was famous. A gland had to be extracted from each shell and the mucous secretion of one shell produced only one drop of the dye. Salt was added to the liquid which was left to set for three days. Then it was boiled on moderate heat to reduce to a liquid for several days and kept on the boil further until it reached the desired colour.

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10y ago
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13y ago

The Romans, as all ancient peoples, used vegetable based dyes for their fabrics. They also used a substance from sea mollusks to make their very expensive Tyrian purple dye. We don't know precisely how they went about actually dying the fabrics, but its assumed that they used the dip and soak method. Because fabric rots over time, there is hardly any samples from ancient times for scientists to analyze and determine exactly what was used and what was done.

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8y ago

They did not dye their armour red. They wore a red tunic underneath.

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Anonymous

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3y ago

They only had a red tunic

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Q: How did ancient Romans dye their armor red?
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