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Well, straight off, temperature decreases with altitude, so mountainous regions, plateaus etc can have cooler than expected temperatures (hence glaciers on Mt Kilimanjaro near the Equator).
2nd - aspect. the orientation of a slope in higher latitudes can affect the local climate; south facing slopes in northern extra-tropical regions (say Canada) will be warmer and get more hours of sunlight than north facing slopes.
As stated by the other respondent, mountain ranges can act as barriers to wind and rainfall, with much of the rain falling on the windward side and top of the mountain and the lee of the mountain in 'rainshadow', ie with little rain.
mountains can also control local winds (anabatic and katabatic see web site below)) like the Fohn and Chinook.
Hope this helps. There are of course, other ways in which topography influences climate; hopefully other respondents will fill you in.
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The climate of Turkey varies significantly because of the topography of the country
