The Elastic-Rebound theory explains how earthquakes occur. Rocks on opposite sides of a fault are subjected to force, causing them to shift. They absorb strength which causes them to deform and exceed their internal strength. A sudden movement occurs along the fault and this causes the energy and rocks to go back to their pre-deformed state.
That theory is called punctuated equilibrium.
Others have said twice: it is called Punctuated Equilibrium.
On the show Clarissa Explains It All, Clarissa's last name was Darling.
Because the earth is "quaking" (shaking), hence the name earthquake.
Seismology.
Tremor.
name that element that explains how symbols and colors relate to the data
A hypothesis.
Hypothesis.
There is no specific name to this theory as stated in the question. You might be thinking of Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of Hobson and McCarley, or perhaps the Reverse-Learning Hypothesis of Crick and Mitchison. See the Wikipedia link below.
Seismology.
This is known as seismology.