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Symmetrical components are used to model faults on unbalanced high-voltage transmission/distribution systems, in order to predict the magnitude of fault currents resulting from various types of short-circuit fault, so that appropriate settings can then be applied to protective systems.
The basic principle behind the method of symmetrical components is that any unbalanced three-phase phasor diagram can be represented by three balanced phasor diagrams, called 'symmetrical components', termed:
- positive phase-sequence diagram (displaced by 120o)
- negative phase-sequence diagram (displaced by 120o)
- zero phase-sequence diagram (in phase)
This enables the electrical system to be represented by three sets of balanced phasor diagrams, rather than by a (terribly complicated!) unbalanced phasor diagram. This, in turn, allows the line fault impedances to be calculated relatively simply -these are represented by Z1, Z2, and Z0 -where Z0 represents an impedance path associated with earth faults.
Further explanation of this topic is well beyond the scope of this answer, and an appropriate textbook should be consulted.
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