The first Khalifah after Muhammed (peace be upon him) died was his closet friend and first man to believe in his message: Abu Bakr Al-Seddeeq (his real name is Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafah) and he kept his residence in Madinah and was Khalifah for about 2 years and died 634 ad at the age of 63.
The second one is Umar ibn Al-Khattab, also in Madinah and lasted as Khalifah nearly 11 years, he was murdered by Abu Loloah Al-Majousi in 644 ad.
The third is Othman ibn Affan, alson in Madinah and lasted as Khalifah for 12 years, he was murdered in 656 at the age of 82.
The fourth is Ali ibn Abi Talib the cousin of Muhammed moved Khilafah residence to Iraq "Kufa" murdered 661 ad at the age of 63.
they were the damascus
There was no rule of caliphs in ancient Rome. The caliphs emerged after the fall of Rome
Madinah
Each Islamic country has its capital city but if you mean the spiritual capital of the Islamic faith then it's the city of Mecca (Makkah).
Capture the Holy land from Islamic rulers.
There have been Saracen Caliphs who ruled over Jerusalem, but the last Saracens to control Jerusalem lost the city to the Seljuk Turks in the mid-1200s. It has since changed hands several times.
Greek conquered the neighboring empires
Greek conquered the neighboring empires
Yathreb was the capital of the first Islamic community. It's the second Holiest city of Islam.Currently, each Islamic country has its capital city & the Spiritual capital of the Islamic world is Mecca.
Mecca is a city in Saudi Arabia and the center of the Islamic world.
Mecca is the Holy Land not the city
Mecca