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Rome had three types of government during the 1,200 years of her history: a monarchy for 244 years, a republic for 482 years and rule by emperors for 503 years. During the monarchy the senate was an advisory body for the king, probably made up mostly of aristocrats. There were two popular assemblies, the Assembly of the Soldiers and the Assembly of the Tribes (districts).
During the republic the senate became the advisory body of the consuls, the two annually elected heads of the republic. Over the course of the development of the republic it became the most powerful political body. The republic had also other elected officers of state, the praetors, who were chief justices and could command an army; the censors who held the census, oversaw public morality, commissioned public works and enrolled the senators; the aediles who carried out numerous administrative functions, and the quaestors, who were the treasurers. The Assembly of the Soldiers elected the higher officers (consuls, praetors and censors), voted on war and peace and on some legislation. It also acted as a court of appeal for capital punishment cases. The Assembly of the Tribes elected the junior officers, voted on some bills and acted as a court of appeal for other cases. The Plebeian Council was also formed, which gathered the commoners. It elected the representatives of the plebeians, the plebeian tribunes, and also voted on bills. Over time, the plebeians tribunes became the main proposers of bills (previously they were proposed by the consuls) and the Plebeian Council the main voting body for bills.
During the period of rule by emperors, the emperor was an absolute ruler. The popular assemblies were divested of their functions as their powers were transferred to the senate. The senate was turned into an instrument of the rule of the emperor. The officers of state were no longer elected. They became appointees of the emperor and they became posts without real power. The emperor run the state with his own bureaucracy.
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