European domestic supplies are 230v single-phase, derived from a 400 v three-phase supply running down the street (usually underground). This supply is a 4-wire system with three lives and a neutral, which it must be because the different properties draw different currents.
When the system is working well the current drawn by a group of houses are reasonably well balanced across the three phases.
Yes 220 & 240 are considered the same.
Yes <<>> In North America, a three wire 120/240 volt system uses a neutral wire. For 240 volts two "hot" wires are used with no neutral.
no
Only if the cable going to your well pump is a three wire. The third wire could carry the neutral and you will have 120 volts from either 240 leg to the neutral.
It could if you don't get the terminals and motor wires on the correct terminals.
no
Wire is wire - is doesn't matter what voltage you use. However, if you are changing the voltage on a device from 240 to 120, given the same power requirement, you may need bigger wires for the doubled current (and increased heat of resistivity).
It depends on the voltage, but if you are using it on a 240 v system, it's quite OK to use wire that can take 600 v (if you had to buy the wire, you would be spending too much).
yes
4 copper
You can't. The 120 volt GFCI is probably just a 2-wire (hot, neutral and ground) You would have to run a new 3-wire (2 hots, neutral and ground). The two hots are how you get the 240 volts (120+120=240). Also you must make sure the wire is gauged properly. #10 wire for 30 amps, #12 wire for 20 amps, etc.
Use the 4 wire if possible. You would only use a 3 wire for an old appliance.You shouldn't if possible. The 3 wire has no neutral wire as the 4 wire does. Som applications require the use of a 3 wire and some don't.