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The Spartans were first weakened by a loss to the Thebans in 371 at the Battle of Leuctra. They were defeated there because the opposing general used an ingenious strategy to which they did not adapt quickly enough.

Because Spartan citizenship was limited to those born and trained in Sparta, they could not replace their lost troops quickly. Also, the population of enslaved helots in Sparta was far larger than the ruling class of warriors. After the loss at Leuctra, a wave of helot uprisings further weakened the country.

Even so, Sparta remained a strong force in the region. Even Alexander the great refused to invade it.

Sparta eventually joined the Achaean League and which was then conquered by Rome, but Sparta still retained its unique culture. Even after the fall of the Roman army in 378 BC, a Spartan army phalanx defeated a band of Visigoths in battle.

Sparta never really fell. It's unique culture slipped out of practice in the face of increased interaction with surrounding states. It's strict adherence to inherited citizenship also kept it from remaining independent of its neighbors. It just couldn't breed enough warriors to remain isolated.

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