The rules as we now know them today governing the Roman numeral system have absolutely nothing to do with the ancient Romans whatsoever because they were changed in the Middle Ages presumably to make the Roman numeral system more compatible with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system that was gradually being introduced into Western Europe via Spain at the time and as a result the Hindu-Arabic numerals of 159 and 149 are now considered to be CLIX and CXLIX when converted into Roman numerals respectively which does not quite lend themselves easily towards mathematical interactivity between each other or any other numerals for that matter but nowadays we can extrapolate from reliable historical sources that the ancient Romans would have probably calculated the given integers as in any of the following formats:-
CLVIIII+CXXXXVIIII = CCCVIII => 159+149 = 308
ICLX+ICL = CCCVIII => (-1+160)+(-1+150) = 308
CLVIIII+CXXXXVIIII = X => 159-149 = 10
ICLX-ICL = X => (-1+160)-(-1+150) = 10
Note that the above calculations are pretty fundamental and were fairly easy to work out but for more complicated calculations the ancient Romans would have made usage of an abacus calculating device.
See answer to question: ' How do you add together 1666 and 1999 in two different ways using Roman numerals'
Roman numerals are entirely inappropriate for doing such calculations. I believe the people in Roman times did such calculations on an abacus or something similar - which is basically similar to converting them to the Arabic numbers we use. If you really want to do it in Roman numerals - which is basically NOT a good idea - you would have to keep the thousands, hundreds, etc. separate, and handle carry (for addition) and borrowing (for subtraction).
Both 1776 plus 444 added in two different ways will have sum of MMCCXX = 2220 and both 17,776 minus 444 subtracted in two different ways will have a difference of (XVII)CCCXXXII = 17,332
Under today's modern rules now governing the Roman numeral system the equivalent of 249 when converted into Roman numerals is now considered to be CCXLIX which does not lend itself quite easily to arithmetical operations but there exist credible evidence to suggest that the ancient Romans would have carried out the requested calculations as follows:-MDCCLXXVI+ICCL = MMXXV => 1776+(250-1) = 2025MDCCLXXVI+CCXXXXVIIII = MMXXV => 1776+249 = 2025MDCCLXXVI-ICCL = MDXXVII => 1776-(250-1) = 1527MDCCLXXVI-CCXXXXVIIII = MDXXVII => 1776-249 = 1527Note that in mathematics -(250-1) becomes -250+1 or as 1-250The above calculations were fairly simple and straight forward to work out but for more complicated calculations the Romans would make use of an abacus calculating device.QED
Numerals are used for mathematical calculations. Mathematical calculations are used in science. This is the way Roman numerals related to Roman science.
The rules as we know them today now governing the Roman numerals system had nothing to do with the Romans because they were introduced during the Middle Ages and as result of these rules the equivalent of 999 converted into Roman numerals is now considered to be CMXCIX which hardly lends itself quite easily for the purpose of mathematical operations but there exist credible evidence to show that the ancient Romans would have worked out the requested calculations as in the following formats:-MDCCLXXVI+IM = MMDCCLXXV => 1776+(1000-1) = 2775MDCCLXXVI+DCCCCLXXXXVIIII = MMDCCLXXV => 1776+999 = 2775MDCCLXXVI-IM = DCCLXXVII => 1776-(1000-1) = 777MDCCLXXVI-DCCCCLXXXXVIIII = DCCLXXVII => 1776-999 = 777Note that in mathematics -(1000-1) becomes 1-1000 and that the above calculations were fairly simple and straightforward to work out but for more advanced calculations the Romans would have used an abacus calculating device.QED
Nowadays 249 when converted into Roman numerals is now considered to be CCXLIX but the ancient Romans probably worked out the required calculations as follows:-MDCCLXXVI+ICCL = MMXXV => 1776+(250-1) = 2025MDCCLXXVI+CCXXXXVIIII = MMXXV => 1776+249 = 2025MDCCLXXVI-ICCL = MDXXVII => 1776-(250-1) = 1527MDCCLXXVI-CCXXXXVIIII = MDXXVII => 1776-249 = 1527For more complicated calculations the Romans would have made use of an abacus calculating device.QED
c - cc = -c
According to my calculations,mccxxix in Hindu Arabic numerals is 1229
The rules as we know them today now governing the Roman numeral system had absolutely nothing to do with the Romans because they were introduced during the Middle Ages and as a result of these rules the equivalent of 1999 when converted into Roman numerals is now considered to be MCMXCIX which hardly lends itself quite easily for the purpose of mathematical operations but notwithstanding the aforementioned inasmuch that there exist credible evidence to support the premiss that the ancient Romans would have carried out the requested calculations as in the following formats:-MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII+DCLXVI = MMDCLXV => 1999+666 = 2665IMM+DCLXVI = MMDCLXV => (2000-1)+666 = 2665MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII-DCLXVI = MCCCXXXIII => 1999-666 = 1333IMM-DCLXVI is the same as the above because IMM = MDCCCCLXXXXVIIIIFor more intricate and complicated calculations the Romans would have made use of an abacus calculating device.QED by David Gambell
The Romans did their calculations on an abacus counting device which was the equivalent to a primitive calculator.
Nowadays we think that the equivalent of 9 in Roman numerals is only IX whereas in fact IX is an abridged version of VIIII in ancient Roman numerals thus facilitating the conversion and calculations of the given Hindu-Arabic numerals into Roman numerals in several ways as follows:- MDCCLXVII+VIIII = MDCCLXXVI => 1767+9 = 1776 MDCCLXVII+IX = MDCCLXXVI => 1767+(-1+10) = 1776 MDCCLXVII-VIIII = MDCCLVIII => 1767-9 = 1758 MDCCLXVII-IX = MDCCLVIII => 1767-(-1+10) = 1758 Note that in mathematics that -(-1+10) is equivalent to +1-10 and so -(-I+X) is equivalent to -VIIII