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What is a bang theory and the theory evolution?

Updated: 8/20/2019
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The big bang theory (the theory, not the television programme) and the theory of evolution are both scientific theories. The former is a theory in the physical/cosmological/mathematical realm of Cosmology. The latter is a theory of Biology.

The big bang theory describes the origin of the Universe. The Universe is expanding and so must have been smaller in the past. It is thought that the Universe began infinitely tiny and infinitely dense 13.7 billion years ago and from this primordial state began to expand with great rapidity. All matter in the Universe was carried away from all other matter. Everything ran away from everything else as the Universe expanded. The 'big bang' was not an explosion (that is a misconception), it was a rapid expansion with everything fleeing from everything else upon the fabric of the Universe that was 'stretching'. The big bang idea was first proposed by George Lemaitre and named, mockingly, by Fred Hoyle (who preferred his own Steady State theory). The 'everything' referred to earlier, that filled the early Universe, were the first fundamental particles bursting into existence and annihilating with their antiparticles. There was a remainder of particles however and these coalesced as the Universe cooled into protons and neutrons and then atoms and the atoms of hydrogen, in great clouds, formed the first stars and thus galaxies. It seems that everything was wrapped up in a symmetrical state at this early time, with all the fundamental forces 'fused' into one. Gravity removed itself from this fusion early on, with the other three forces still combined (the strong force, the electromagnetic force and the weak interaction). The world of the early Universe and the fundamental particles is referred to as the Standard Model.

The theory of evolution kicks in in the Universe much much later (after life and it's important molecules RNA and DNA had formed). Erasmus Darwin and others thought that life changed over time, that species were not fixed forever. Charles Darwin noted this too and proposed the mechanism of Natural Selection for this change to come about. Evolution proceeds population by population, generation by generation and single populations have different versions of genes (alleles). Alleles that give benefit to their bearers live to reproduce more often and more successfully than those who have alleles that are disadvantageous, who may die due to their survival disadvantage. Those advantaged organisms breed more successfully and proliferate and magnify in population.

Past evolution can be seen in the fossil record. We can see the evolution of land-creeping amphibians from fleshy-finned fish and we can see the evolution of birds from feathered carnivorous dinosaurs. We cannot necessarily find the exact fossil transition between one group and another due to the paucity of fossils (fossils lie in their billions but the chancing of them being preserved geologically is minimal), but we can see the general idea.

Comparative anatomy gives a charming indication of 'homology'. The legs/arms of vertebrates all share the same bones, but arranged in different ways. The arm bones of dolphins are the same as those of bats, but warped by Natural Selection into slightly different shapes adapted for, respectively, life in water or life in air. A common ancestor had a radius and an ulna and phalanges and these have simply become fused or stretched or jiggled generation by generation. The sharedness of the 'homology' can be explained that it first arose in a common ancestor.

Flowering plants can be seen to have a common ancestor since all of them have anthers and stigmas and styles and androecia and all those other lovely bits of flowers. The filaments of the stamens are sometimes fused to the petals and sometimes not. Stamens come in sixes or fives or large numbers not worthy of counting, but the very fact that they exist in all angiosperm flowers is a homology and can be explained by common ancestry.

The relationships between living organisms can be seen in DNA. Comparing DNA sequences shows that crocodiles (related to dinosaurs) are closely related to birds, more evidence support that birds evolved from the reptilioid dinosaurs. Sarcopterygian fish (fleshy-finned finned fish) are most closely related to amphibians as opposed to ray-finned fish. The DNA analysis of life's relationships confirms that of fossil-hypotheses of relationships and morphology-hypotheses of relationships.

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