I would like to invite readers to visit http://complexityleadership.wikispaces.com to answer this question.
In complex organizations, there may be different types of organizational leadership, such as transformational leadership, servant leadership, and distributed leadership. These leadership styles are often effective in navigating the complexities and challenges of a complex organization by promoting innovation, collaboration, and adaptability among team members.
Fred E. Fiedler has written: 'Improving leadership effectiveness' 'Leadership performance in complex organizations' 'Leader attitudes and group effectivness' 'A theory of leadership effectiveness' -- subject(s): Leadership, Management
There was no single Islamic Empire, but assuming that you are referring to the Rashidun, Umayyad (Damascus), and Abbassid Caliphates, these were complex states with a large bureaucracy, numerous governates and more local regions, and a complex hierarchical leadership.
looked to the Federal Government and the President for leadership
city commissioners were hired.
Russ Marion has written: 'The edge of organization' -- subject(s): Chaotic behavior in systems, Complex organizations, Social systems, Complexity (Philosophy) 'Leadership in Education' -- subject(s): Educational leadership, Organizational sociology, School management and organization
Some examples of complex characters in "Lord of the Flies" are Ralph, who struggles with balancing leadership and his own fears; Jack, who represents savagery and the descent into darkness; and Piggy, who serves as the voice of reason and intellect but is often marginalized by the other boys.
Leadership often serves as a guiding force to coordinate team efforts and navigate challenges effectively. In its absence, decision-making may become fragmented, communication may suffer, and group cohesion might falter. While some tasks can be accomplished without formal leadership, a lack of direction and vision may hinder overall success in more complex or dynamic environments.
There is no evidence to suggest that cave men (a phrase that usually refers to Homo Neadertalensis) did not have leadership. In fact, their expanded pre-frontal cortex (the area responsible for higher reasoning and culture, among other things) suggest that they probably had a social structure, though not as complex as modern humans (us)
Order of People's Friendship, Order of Honor, medal for developing the oil and gas complex in western Siberia, Order of Glory, Global Corporate Leadership Award.
what is ingredient of leadership?
According to the text of "Leadership: Research Findings, Practive, and Skills - Fifth Edition" by Dubrin, there are three arguments opposing formal leadership; substitutes for leadership, leader irrelevance, and complexity theory. The text states the following: Substitutes for leadership include closely knit teams of highly trained individuals, intrinsic satisfaction, computer technology, and professional norms. When members of a cohesive, highly trained group are focused on a goal, they may require almost no leadership to accomplish their task. Intrinsic satisfaction is when employees who are engaged in work they find strongly self-motivating, or intrinsically satisfying, require a minimum of leadership. Their task itself grabs the worker's attention and energy. Computer technology such as computer-aided monitoring and computer networking can take over many of the supervisor's leadership functions. The computer provides productivity and quality data, and directions for certain tasks can be entered in to the computer systems. When professional norms are incorporated by workers they often require a minimum of supervision and leadership. According to the theorizing of Jeffrey Pfeffer, leadership is irrelevant to most organizations. Rather, it is the situation that must be carefully analyzed. Factors outside the leader's control have a larger impact on business outcomes than do leadership actions. And high-level leaders have unilateral control over only a few resources, and is usually limited by obligations to stakeholders. The complexity theory holds that organizations are complex systems that cannot be explained by the usual rules of nature. Leaders and managers can do little to alter the course of the complex organizational system.