What are the abnormal constituents of urine?

Answer 1

Abnormal urine can have:

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. ketone bodies
4. Blood
5. Bile salts
6. Bile pigments
7. Fats

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates present in it such as lactose and fructose.

Physiologically in pregnany and lactation, lactose is excreted in pregnant women.

Pathologically: if lactose is excreted in the urine, then this is due to lactose intolerance.

Glucose could be excreted in the urine in Diabetes mellitus, glucosuria, renal glycosuria etc

Fructose in essential fructosuria

Galactose in galactosemia

PROTEINS:

Ecretion of proteins in urine is due to:

1- Increase in the permeability of the glomerular capillaries as in nephrotic syndrome etc

2- Damage to the capillaries membranes as in glomerulonephritis

Following proteins can be excreted in abnormal urine:

1. Albumin
2. Globulin
3. Hemoglobin (protein of RBC)
4. Myoglobin
5. Bence Jones Proteins

Albumin and globulin are found in the urine in the condition called proteinuria, also in nephrotic syndrome and glomerular nephritis.

hemoglobin is excreted in urinay tract infections.

Myoglobin is excreted due to muscular atrophy etc.

Bence Jones proteins are not usually synthesised in the body. They are produced in the condition called multiple myeloma, by plasma cells.

KETONE BODIES

they are basically three chemicals viz.

• acetone
• acetoacetic acid
• beta hydroxy butaric acid

All the three are the intermediates in the fats metabolism.

Increased catabolism of fats is due to

• starvation
• increased fat intake in diet
• decreased carbohydrates in the diet
• diabetes ketoacidosis

RBC/ HEMOGLOBIN

iN

• hemolytic anemia
• Urinary tract infections
• Renal trauma

BILE SALTS:

in Jaundice

BILE PIGMENTS:

in obstructive jaundice

Answer 2

The greatest part of urine is simply water.

Next is Nitrogenous waste (chemicals based on nitrogen) such as Urea, uric acid and creatinine

Water soluble substances that are in excess in the body, such as vitamins C and D, glucose, proteins, etc. are also excreted in the urine.

Hormones, neurotransmitters, and other body chemicals can be found in the urine.

The levels of the above can be indicative of specific pathologies.

Any substance taken in to the body might be found in the urine.

Answer 3

Calcium - plays a role in blood clotting

Phosphorus - for the maintenance of c id-base balance and calcium equilibrium

Chlorine - in the form of NaCl - plays a role in osmotic pressure

Magnesium - 18 parts magnesium gives rise in rate vasodilation hyperirritability of the nervous system

Iron - essential component of hemoglobin, muscle myoglobin

Copper - important in bone formation and cellular respiration

Answer 4

Urine is a solution of metabolic wastes that contains urea, salts, and many different organic compounds.

Answer 5

calcium, magnesium, sulfates, chlorides, phosphates of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and ammonium

Answer 6

it is composed largely of water, nitrogen wastes and some salts.

Answer 7

Mostly water, plus ammonia, uric acid, and other chemicals like vitamins and minerals.