The reduction in the force of attraction between the nucleus and outer most electron is known as shielding effect
s > p > d > f
yes, increases from left to right
It had most effect on outer shell electrons.
They are quite different terms, penetration means the entrance of rays or any material into another material, shielding effect is the resistance offered by underlying electrons for attractive force of nucleus towards outermost electrons in an atom.
Because they have many electron shells.
Na have higher shielding effect than Li *According to my chemistry book
YES
in metals due to shielding effect ionization value is low
Ionization energies decrease moving down a group, because the shielding effect reduces the pull of the nucleus on valence electrons. Making them easier to remove.
The shielding effect reduces the ionization energy and so makes cation formation easier.
When a period of elements are considered, the element in group 18 has the highest shielding effect.
Electron shielding is not a factor across a period because they all have the same number of electron shells! No further (extra) shells means that they are all affected by electron shielding equally.
s > p > d > f
yes, increases from left to right
In electronegativity, the first ionization energy increases as it moves from left to right across a period . The nuclear charge also increases and the shielding effect is constant when moving across.
It had most effect on outer shell electrons.
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