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•Parenteral

-Intravenous route

•Direct injection of drug into the blood therefore better regulation of therapeutic levels.

•The First pass effect is avoided and by-pass all barriers

•Rapid drug action

•Used when drug irritates the tissue

•Increased risk of infection, Pain at site of injection, increased risk of overdose.

-Intramuscular route

•Injection into the deltoid muscle region or gluteal mass.

•Rate of absorption determined by blood flow to muscle.

•Used for injection of suspensions and sustained effects

•Avoid the First pass effect

-Subcutaneous route

•Injection into the subcutaneous areolar tissue and skin capillaries

•Implants produce slow release of drug and constant absorption into the blood.

•Avoid First pass effect

•Rate of drug absorption is influenced by blood flow to the skin. Drug absorption is slower than I.M.

-Intradermal route

•Injection into the epidermis of the skin.

•Small amounts of drugs are administered, ie. Local anesthetics, tuberculosis test.

•Avoid First pass effect

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14y ago
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11y ago

Parenteral transmission is transmission through means other than oral (e.g. IV, needlestick).

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