•Parenteral
-Intravenous route
•Direct injection of drug into the blood therefore better regulation of therapeutic levels.
•The First pass effect is avoided and by-pass all barriers
•Rapid drug action
•Used when drug irritates the tissue
•Increased risk of infection, Pain at site of injection, increased risk of overdose.
-Intramuscular route
•Injection into the deltoid muscle region or gluteal mass.
•Rate of absorption determined by blood flow to muscle.
•Used for injection of suspensions and sustained effects
•Avoid the First pass effect
-Subcutaneous route
•Injection into the subcutaneous areolar tissue and skin capillaries
•Implants produce slow release of drug and constant absorption into the blood.
•Avoid First pass effect
•Rate of drug absorption is influenced by blood flow to the skin. Drug absorption is slower than I.M.
-Intradermal route
•Injection into the epidermis of the skin.
•Small amounts of drugs are administered, ie. Local anesthetics, tuberculosis test.
•Avoid First pass effect
Parenteral transmission is transmission through means other than oral (e.g. IV, needlestick).
in infection
Women with an active HSV infection can reduce the risk of fetal transmission with a C-section.
airborne
source, means of transmission, susceptible host
Transmission
Typhoid bacteria can be cultured from the urine of the patient of typhoid. But then the transmission of infection by way of urine is less likely.
Port of exit/entry; Mode of Transmission; Pathogenic Agent
Waterborne transmission is when a disease or infection is transmitted to a person by water. The water must be contaminated in order to transmit a infectious microorganism.
For an infection to develop, six essential factors must be present. These are an agent, a source, a method of escape, a manner of transmission, a new host and a reservoir for the infection.
Additional infection control precautions is necessary when standard precautions are not sufficient.They are used in addition to standard precautions and are usually tailored to prevent the transmission of specific infections in the health care setting.
by mosquitoes or careless blood transmission
No, marijuana has no effect on BSE transmission, infection or progression.