Both foliation and lineations features of deformation in rocks. Lineations however are indicatives of the presence of foliation but lineation is a planar stucture measured in therms of dip and strike, meanwhile lieations are measured in terms of plunge and direction. The dip is the angle a foliation makes with the horizontal, it is a measure of the inclination of the foliation. Strike however measured right angled to the dip, it is a measure of the general trend of the surface fo the foliation (season why leation cannot be measured in terms of strike, because it is simply a lineation and thus has no surface trend). The plunge also is the angle a lineation makes with the horizontal. It is similar to dip in that it also a measure of inclination but different but unlike dip it tells us nothing about the direction of the lineation. This is why direction comes as a supplementary measure of lineation.
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I think there is some stuff mixed up in the above answer. Foliations are planes, Lineations are lines.
Foliations have Strike and Dip
Lineations have Trend and Plunge
Foliations form as a result of compression or shearing and form perpendicular to resulting compression (planes will be closer to the direction of extension - imagine squeezing a ball of soft material and see which way it stretches). Some of the most common foliations are in folds, at the axial hinge of a fold, the foliation tends to be the same as the axial plane, but moving away from the centre of the fold the foliations tend to lay away from the plane - this depends on competency of rock holding the folds. In the field it can be easy to confuse bedding planes with foliations - you may have to question what it is that distinguishes the layers to decide if it's a bed or foliation. Often a foliation plane has no distinguishing features between layers (until it starts developing schistosity and banding)
There are many types of lineations: Striations, stretching lineations, intersection linetions. In the field they are a line on a rock, not a plane.
Stretching lineations (usually what you are looking for) are basically the result of a crystal (or set of crystals) being stretched in a ductile environment (so basically you've got a blob of material that's been stretched out)
Intersection Lineations: The line that is produced where bedding planes (sedimentary material) intersect with foliation planes. At the axial hinge of fold the foliations and beds are usually perpendicular (90 degrees) to each other.
Striations: Usually a brittle feature, is basically scratch marks of one rock moving on another, can be formed by glaciers or sometimes in faults. Displays a sense of movement.
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a rock with metamorphic minerals but no foliation or lineation
They are called foliated metamorphic rocks.
Dennis Howson Waddington has written: 'Foliation and mineral lineation in the Moon River synform, Grenville structural province, Ontario'
A schistose foliation would be found in a metamorphic rock with a large amount of micaceous minerals, creating a flaky texturing with easily cleavable layers. Gneiss is more coarse in texture, not as easily cleavable along planes, and contains less micaceous minerals.
Slaty foliation, is a type of parallel foliation consisting of fine-grained platy minerals. The direction of foliation is usually perpendicular to the direction of maximum stress.
Foliation is the arrangement of minerals in parallel layers.
The foliation in metamorphic minerals is always perpendicular to the direction of pressure. E.g. Vertical pressure is applied, the foliation will be horizontal, and vice-versa, the pressure is horizontal you get vertical foliation. From yahoo answers
Slaty foliation, is a type of parallel foliation consisting of fine-grained platy minerals. The direction of foliation is usually perpendicular to the direction of maximum stress.
Foliation is the layering of metamorphic rock. An example of foliation would be a rock called a Gneiss. On this rock, it is easily apparent to see the layers of rock that have formed.
With a good eye you maybe could see one but usually they do not exhibit a foliation.
Metamorphic rocks often have foliation. Schist is a common example.
Metamorphic foliation is layering in metamorphic rock. The layers can be very thin, or they can be a meter thick,