Golden Age, when it lived off the proceeds of the empire it opportunistically established over its erstwhile allies against the Persians.
They still continued to fight one another until ultimately they both lost and never regained their past glory
Pentecontaetia = Fifty Years - the 'Athenian half-century'.
For a long period they were allies. Then after Athens established an empire after the Persian Wars, it became intrusive of other city-states and the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta tried to limit this.
The Golden Age of Athens, where it turned the Delian League which it had led against the Persian Empire into an empire of its own and lived the golden life on the proceeds of that empire.
It is not so described. The Golden Age followed the war, when Athens diverted the funds collected from the Greek cities to prosecute the war, to its own treasury when the war ended. It also continued to extort the anti-Persian contibutions. The Golden Age was when Athens spent others' money on itself.
The Persian Wars lasted for 50 years. Once it ended, the people were finally at peace.
Slavery during the Greek period was very common and encoraged, it was followed by the Roman period also.
If you are talking about helping Athens, he was a general in the army and commanded contingents in several mostly successful wars. He established himself as a political leader during the period when Athens' prosperity and power reached its zenith. On the downside, he helped it into the Peloponnesian War which saw Athens stripped of its empire. He died two years into this 27-year war, so was not around to either guide it through the conflict or see the results of his handiwork.
Athens lost its empire and became a second rate power. Sparta lost too many of its limited military mapower and after a short period was displaced by Thebes as the leading Greek state.
It depends on what period you are talking about. From the end of the First Persian War until the time of the Great Plague, Athens was one of the stronger cities in mainland Greece. With the foundation of he Delian League following the Second Persian War, they were, for a time, arguably the wealthiest and strongest city. Yet after over a decade of conflict with Sparta during the Peloponnesian War, and the introduction of plague into the city via the Pontic grain ships, Athens grew weak, poor, and defenseless. It regained its prominence as a cultural center, but never again achieved a military hegemony over its neighbors.
after the first pelponesian war Athens imperial ambitions were set back for two hundred years. during this period much of the best thinking re governance, individual rights and the social contract occurred.
Alliances in Greece changed. For example several times Sparta and Athens fought on the same side, at others on opposing sides. Similarly at times Sparta and Thebes fought together, at other times were opponents. Generally Sparta was allied to other Doric city-states, though again this was not a hard and fast rule. And although Persia was usually an opponent of the Greek city-states, it was Persian financial support which enabled Sparta and its allies to get a competent fleet in the Peloponnesian War and defeat Athens.
First the Assyrians, then the Babylonians, followed by the Persian Empire, the Greeks and finally by the Romans.