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Archimedes' Principle

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Q: What scientific rule explains hydraulic systems?
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What scientific rule do hydraulic systems use?

Generally the incomprehensibility of liquids.


Pneumatic vs hydraulics which is cheaper?

As systems, neither one is better than the other. There is no "Better", only "More suitable for a specific purpose." Car tyres are Pneumatic... they're full of air. Air is compressible, which is why it's used. If you filled your car tyres with Hydraulic fluid (which is incompressible) you would not only increase the weight of the tyres dramatically (and hence increase the relative tread-wear), but also make them hard, decreasing their ability to absorb shock. This would defeat many objects in the design of car tyres! The rams on a digger or crane, however, are Hydraulic. They need to be filled with something that is not compressible in order to fulfill their function. If you were to fill the rams on a digger with air the arm would bounce up & down like a yo-yo! Also, at the pressures required by these systems, air would quickly leak from the seals, no matter how tight they were. Hydraulic fluid, being far more viscous than air, however, does not leak under the same conditions. As a rule, Pneumatic systems are employed where a certain amount of "play" or "give" is required, or where the loss of fluid would be undesirable (Air power-tools for example) Hydraulic systems are used when extremely great pressure is needed in order to move something. Hydraulic systems are also easier to control & regulate due to their ability to retain pressure indefinitely. There are many uses for both Hydraulic and Pneumatic systems but because both types have specific roles, there is no saying that one system is better than the other.


What is a dersciption for a steel rule?

A steel rule is most commonly refered to as an engineers rule.


From where did ziegler-nichols and tyreus-luyben got their tuning rule numbers or how?

They classified systems. So they get for ex. FOPDT, SOPDT with small/large deadtime, ... Then they looked for parameters who are acceptable for most of the systems. That's why there are slightly different parameters (Ziegler-Nichols, Tyreus-Luyben, Shinsky, ...) but all in the same region. These parameters are kind of a panacea, but one will never get the perfect control for his system with these.


Why is scientists work not always eccepted first time?

Because of the basic rule of the scientific process. A scientist's findings must be repeatable by others in similar conditions to dispel any belief that results were not due to the scientist's error, fancy, motives, etc.