Fjord
The term firth can be used to describe a small body of water extending into a landform (estuary is also used in this context).If this body of water is surrounded by mountainous land, the term fiord or fjord can be used if one wishes to be more precise.
transpiration
urbanism
the term of a island is a body of land surrounded by water
water
The medical term for extending beyond the normal tissue boundaries is "invasive."
Imperialism
imperalism
The term is Rain Shadow.
biosphere
biosphere
Water cycle is the term for the constant movement of the earth's water from oceans to air to land and back to oceans