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Q: What was the unconditioned stimulus in the case of Little Albert?
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Did Watson use classical conditioning principles in a famous study of Little Hans?

Little Hans was a case study by Freud. It involved a child who was afraid of horses. You are probably confusing it with Little Albert, a study by Watson and Rayner. In this study, a loud bar was clanged when Albert approached a white rat. This is not classical conditioning, but operant conditioning, as the child is learning by trial and error.


What is a practical use of classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning can be, and IS, used and applied every day. It was discovered by Ivan Pavlov through his studies on the physiology of digestion in dogs, but classical conditioning, as it applies to learning and behavior, has nothing to do with salivating dogs. Pavlov's contribution was just the catalyst for later discoveries. Have you ever trained your dog to sit? Have you ever potty-trained a child? Have you ever disciplined yourself to follow a study routine, a workout regime, or a limited diet? If you answered yes to any of those questions, then you have used classical conditioning. So, to answer the original question, here is an example of how classical conditioning can be applied in a practical way. Suppose you fall in love with a woman who wears vanilla scented perfume. Every time you are with this woman, you are overcome with feelings of love, affection, and attachment. Every time you are together sexually, you smell her vanilla scented perfume. Now suppose the relationship ends after a couple of years. Now, each time you smell the scent of vanilla, you experience a rush of emotions and feelings of love and sentiment. In this case, the unconditioned stimulus was the loving relationship with the woman (US). The unconditioned response was the feelings of love that the relationship caused (UR). The conditioned stimulus was the smell of vanilla perfume (CS) and the conditioned response was the feelings of love upon smelling vanilla scents (CR). Classical conditioning is used every day by people who don't realize it is occurring, but also by teachers, coaches, motivational speakers, employers, animal trainers, and countless others.


What is the difference between an absolute threshold and a decision threshold?

An absolute threshold was seen as a hypothetical barrier that incoming stimuli must overcome before they can be perceived, it was based on the ability to pass through the threshold based on absolute judgements about a single stimulus. In the case where a person were to, for example- detect a light, the strength of said light would have to be strong enough to pass the threshold for an observer to perceive it, it was generally based on the observer's ability to detect a signal.In reality however, there is no such threshold that splits the stimulus dimension into detectable and undetectable components. Rather, a stimulus must yield a sensation that exceeds the decision criterion (beta) for even the weakest signal to be perceived, so a decision threshold is the stimulus that elicits the response or perception. The detectability and reporting of the presence of a signal- or the light- are both factors because the decision threshold must be passed and the results from the strength of the stimulus, for example the light- as well the evidence of yielding such strength, must be plausible. Only in this case, do we have correct detection of a signal.


How is observational conditioning different from classical conditioning?

There are two types of conditioning covered in Psychology 101. Are you *sure* that you don't mean *Operant*Conditioning? Operant and Classical conditioning were and continue to be fundamental principles in the field of psychology. There is such a thing as Observational Learning, but the act of learning is different from being *conditioned*. I hope these definitions help you:Operant Conditioning: Operant Conditioning can be boiled down to two fundamental principles: positive and negative reinforcement. B.F. Skinnerdetermined that an organism will complete a task/challenge/feat in order to gain a reward (positive) from the parent/teacher/etc. and avoid punishment or an undesirable outcome/behavior (negative).There are examples of operant conditioning at work all around us. Think about the case of children completing homework to earn a reward from a parent or teacher, or working hard at your job to finish projects so that your boss will give you praise or a promotion.In the examples above, the promise of a reward increases the desired behavior, but operant conditioning can also be used to decrease or prevent a behavior. An undesirable outcome or punishment can be used to motivate a being to *stop* displaying a certain behavior. For example, if a child is told that s/he will be grounded for the weekend if their chores are not completed, the potential for punishment or an undesirable outcome will prompt the child to follow through with their chores.(If this answer is not satisfactory, find more at: http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/introopcond.htm)Classical Conditioning: Classical Conditioning can also be boiled down to a very few specific key points; in this case, four (notice they come in pairs!): Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS), Unconditioned Response (UCR), Conditioned Stimulus (CS), Conditioned Response(CR).-UCS is any event that happens to us that naturally triggers a response (ex: the smell of your favorite food).-UCR is any response that we have naturally to an UCS (getting hungry (response) when we smell our favorite food (stimulus))-CS: Any formally neutral or non-response causing event that, through association, causes us to have a response (example below).-CR: Any response that we have learned through interaction with a previously neutral stimulus (example below)Ivan Pavlov believed that we learn through interaction with our environment and those things that are naturallyoccurring (sounds, smells, tastes, touches, ect). The fact that human beings and other creatures have responses to their environment or when good/bad things happen is common sense -- but Pavlov wanted to take it farther than that. He wanted to train an organism to have a specific response to an event/stimulus. Ivan Pavlov used his dogs to help him develop his theory. I will explain the way he came to his conclusions and also apply the above four key terms in the example.Pavlov noticed that when his the dogs saw their food bowls coming towards them (UCS) they would begin to drool/salivate (UCR). He decided to train them to salivate when a different stimulus/event happened, but he would first have to pair them together (or associate them). Pavlov started to ring a bell every time he would bring the dogs their food. In the beginning the dogs would still salivate only when the bowls were brought to them. But over time, the dogs began to associate the sound of the bell ringing with the food being brought to them. After much training, Pavlov was able to simply ring the bell (CS) and the dogs would begin drooling without food even being brought to them (CR). Pavlov had successfully trained his dogs to have a conditioned response (salivating) to a conditioned stimulus (bell ringing) simply by association of food and sound.Observational Learning: Observational Learning "is a type of learning in which a person learns new information and behaviors by observing the behaviors of others" (http://www.psychologyandsociety.com/observationlearning.html). Albert Bandura established Social Learning Theory, of which Observational Learning is a component.


Who is Little Hans in this case study of Freud's theory?

Little Hans was a young boy Freud studied while developing his theory of the Oedipus complex. Hans had a phobia of horses, and Freud concluded that this was actually a sign of Hans going through the Oedipus complex. He was actually afraid of his father castrating him, which he displaced onto a fear of horses.

Related questions

Is natural selection if a pigeon learns when its keeper comes near it it will be fed?

No, you are probably thinking of classical/pavlovian/respondent conditioning. This is when a conditioned stimulus, in this situation it would be the keeper, comes to signal the occurrence of a second unconditioned stimulus, in this case being fed.


Ethical problem that Little Albert has?

There were many ethical problems with the Little Albert study. Firstly, it was clearly a case of harm to the participant. Albert was consistently made to experience a loud clanging, and ultimately it drove him to feel extreme fear. Secondly, there was not informed consent as Albert was still very young. Thirdly, the right to withdraw was under question as, even as Albert became distressed with the experiment, it continued.


Did Watson use classical conditioning principles in a famous study of Little Hans?

Little Hans was a case study by Freud. It involved a child who was afraid of horses. You are probably confusing it with Little Albert, a study by Watson and Rayner. In this study, a loud bar was clanged when Albert approached a white rat. This is not classical conditioning, but operant conditioning, as the child is learning by trial and error.


What are some examples of case studies?

Genie David Reimer Little Albert Little Hans (Freud) Phineas Gage Clive Wearing HM (Henry Molaison) These are probably the most famouse case study examples - all are covered in a book by Geoff Rolls: Classic case studies in psychology' published by Hodder UK


What is the difference between taxis and tropism?

Tropism: is the growth response of a plant that results from certain stimuli. Tropism can be positive, in which case the plant will bend toward the stimulus, or negative, in which case the plant will bend away from stimulus. Taxis: Taxis in animals is the responsive movement of going toward or away from an external stimulus.


What has the author Albert L Cobb written?

Albert L. Cobb has written: 'The \\' -- subject(s): Case studies, Murder, Prosecution


What has the author Albert Herrenknecht written?

Albert Herrenknecht has written: 'Provinzleben' -- subject(s): Case studies, City and town life, Youth centers


Pavlov's experiment was a typical case of classical conditioning because?

Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment the tone of a bell was the natural stimulus, and it caused salivating in response to food. Eventually the tone of the bell would produce salivating.


When a duck dives under water its inner eyelids automatically raise to cover the ducks eyes. In this case water acts as?

a stimulus


When a duck dives under water its inner eyelids automatically raise to cover the duck's eye. In this case water acts as?

a stimulus


When a duck dives under water its inner eyelids automatically raise to cover the duck's eyes. In this case water acts as?

a stimulus


How much is the stimulus check?

Go to www.irs.gov, click on "When will I get my stimulus check?", click on "Economic Stimulus Payments Information Center", click on "Where is my stimulus payment?" and follow the directions. :)