Scottsdale (O'odham Vaṣai S-vaṣonĭ) is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, adjacent to Phoenix. Scottsdale has become
internationally recognized as a premier and posh tourist destination, while maintaining its own identity and culture as "The
West's Most Western Town." However, despite this motto, in the 1970s, most construction of new horse corrals was prohibited. What had, in the
twentieth century been vacant desert, was converted to
urban or suburban environment. The 2000 Census found the city's population to be 202,705, while according to the 2007 Census
Bureau estimates, the population of the city was 240,410.[1]
History
Scottsdale was originally inhabited by Hohokam. From circa 300 BC to 1400 AD, these ancient
civilizations farmed the area and built some of the most ingenious irrigation canals the world has ever known. The name Hohokam
translates as "vanished," as the civilizations mysteriously disappeared without a trace.
Before European settlement, Scottsdale was a Pima village known as Vaṣai Svaṣonĭ, meaning "rotting hay." Some Pima remained in
their original homes well into the 20th century. For example, until the late 1960s, there was a still-occupied traditional
dwelling on the southeast corner of Indian Bend Rd. and Hayden Rd. By now, however, all Pima have either moved into modern homes
within Scottsdale (mainly in South Scottsdale), to the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, or elsewhere.
The Hohokam's truly unbelievable legacy was in their creation of more than 125 miles (200 km) of canals to provide water for their agricultural needs. The remnants of this ancient irrigation system were adapted
and improved upon in 1868 by the first Anglo company to stake a claim in the Valley of the Sun, when Jack Swilling set up the
Swilling Irrigation Canal Company.
Twenty years later Scottsdale's future would turn sharply upwards, when a U.S.
Army Chaplain, Winfield Scott, paid the paltry sum of $2.50 an acre for a 640 acre stretch of land where the city is now
located. Winfield's brother, George Washington Scott, was the first resident of
the town that was then known as Orangedale and later changed to Scottsdale in 1894.
In 1937, internationally renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright set up his "winter
camp" at the foot of the McDowell Mountains, creating what is now known as Taliesin West.
Scottsdale, and the rest of Phoenix, have seen an everlasting influence from Frank Lloyd Wright. Many buildings throughout the
region were designed by the famous architect. Today, a Frank Lloyd Wright memorial stands in North Scottsdale and a major street
bears his name.
During the 1950s through the 1970s, several large manufacturing companies in the Scottsdale and Tempe areas used the solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) in their manufacturing and operating processes.[2] In 1981, TCE began to show up in two Scottsdale drinking wells, and in 1983,
the Indian Bend Wash superfund site was listed on the Environmental Protection Agency's National Priorities List.[2] Physical construction of cleanup systems was completed by
2006, with soil cleanup expected to be completed in five years and groundwater cleanup completed in 30 years.[2]
Real estate development had begun in what is now the Old Town area, and moved south. With Phoenix bordering the west and an
Indian reservation bordering the east, the town (which is now the long, narrow, extreme southern portion of Scottsdale) developed
its narrow shape, stopped by Tempe in the south, and an enormous privately owned ranch, McCormick Ranch to the north. Indian Bend
Wash, a rarely flowing river (completely dry otherwise), bisected the city lengthwise, and the normally dry riverbed carried a
significant river of water during what were supposed to be rare periods of heavy rains, so called "99 year floods", flowing into
the long dammed up Salt River. As the city was home to mostly lower middle class suburbanites, there was no money for bridges
over such a rarely running, normally dry river, so even major roads that crossed it simply ran right down into the river bed and
out the other side. When the wash flowed, it flowed for days, and there were no crossings: one had to drive to Tempe and over the
Salt River to get around it. Schools had to be closed because the teachers couldn't get through. It flowed several times in the
60s during a succession of floods that were only supposed to occur every 99 years, and became the bane of city residents. How the
city dealt with it, and what happened to McCormick Ranch shortly thereafter cemented Scottsdale's status among the cities of
Tempe, Mesa and Phoenix.
As Indian Bend Wash flowed more and more frequently in the late 1960s, federal tax dollars were allocated to allow the Army
Corps of Engineers to cement Indian Bend Wash as a large canal, and build bridges over it, similar to the storm drains of Los
Angeles, but using wider canals. Doing so would allow the condemnation and purchase of the houses that had been built in the
wash, that the Federal government was required, under the Federal flood insurance laws at the time, to rebuild each time the wash
flowed. However, it was believed that grass would channel the water as effectively as a cement canal, and a vote was held to
determine whether the city should use the federal money allocated for the cement canal to build a system of parks and golf
courses in the bottom of Indian Bend Wash instead of a cement canal. Because it would bisect the long narrow city, this system of
parks and golf courses would be within biking range of nearly every child in the city and very near houses and condos in which
retirees might want to live.
However, the Army Corps favored the canal as a tried and true approach, the idea of grass to channel flood water in a wash was
untried, the grass would have to be watered, and the mud from the now more frequently flowing wash would have to be removed from
the parks when it flowed, increasing maintenance costs. Although it would require increased property taxes to maintain that the
cement canal would not, and was somewhat controversial at the time, the city voted to install the system of parks and golf
courses in the Wash, a move that was seen as bold, by a city that was at that time, not particularly wealthy. The park and golf
course system was built in such a way as to minimize damage when the water flowed, placing buildings up high on berms, and
leaving the remainder as grass, ponds or streams, relatively immune from water damage. The system worked as a flood control
channel, and has been retained as parkland or golf courses ever since. The success of the park and golf course system paid off:
because the parks and golf courses followed closely on the heels of the mass production of affordable heat pump air conditioners
in the 1950s, Scottsdale quickly became a city to which families and retirees wanted to move. The city, still relatively poor,
overspent on the park system, building the El Dorado public pool in a protected berm at one edge of the wash, for example, and
ran out of federal money to build all of the bridges over the wash. However, the channeling of the wash allowed condos to be
built in places along its newly narrowed western border, and money from the taxes paid on the newly usable land was used to
finally complete the bridges years later.
Its money having been spent on the park system, the city of Scottsdale allowed the downtown area, immediately to the east of
the central shopping district on Scottsdale Blvd. to decay, and by the early 1970s, the area became a swath of old abandoned
wooden buildings with broken windows. However, shortly after the park system was built, Ms. McCormick, the owner of McCormick
Ranch, died, and instead of preserving the ranch as mostly scrub land, the McCormick ranch/Scottsdale Ranch area of Scottsdale
was developed into homes and business parks, and began to generate tax revenues for the city. Because of the rising status of the
city from the newly-built parks and golf course system, the developers were able to upgrade the houses they built in what became
the McCormick Ranch/Scottsdale Ranch portions of the city, which opened up Scottsdale to the north and added a wide eastern
portion, bulging on the middle of the map shown above. The nouveau riche that quickly filled these more expensive homes became
the butt of many jokes and the source of the "Snottsdale" or "Snobbsdale" nickname. Nevertheless, the tax money that the city
received from the development of McCormick Ranch was used to purchase the dilapidated area adjacent to Old Town via its powers of
eminent domain, demolish the few remaining wooden buildings that had not by then been burned to the ground by vandals, and build
a performing arts center and a restaurant row in place of part of it. The upscale locally owned restaurants that had been leaving
the downtown area because of the blight were invited to be the first tenants in the restaurant row if they stayed in the area in
the difficult years in which it and the arts center were built, and when the arts center and restaurants opened in the late to
mid 1970s, it became another draw for the city.
View of suburban development in Scottsdale
Seeing the once narrow city of Scottsdale annex area to the north and east, the city of Phoenix annexed a then undeveloped six
foot wide, miles long stretch of county land north of Phoenix, immediately to the west of McCormick Ranch, effectively extending
that western boundary for miles. Because city services would have to be provided on any annexed land, the merely 6 foot wide
limit allowed Phoenix to annex the portion inexpensively, yet the annexation effectively blocked Scottsdale from annexing over
the strip, thus preserving the mostly straight border of Phoenix and Scottsdale that exists today.
During this period, the city government of Scottsdale was seen as one with progressive ideas. To the dismay of many
businesses, the city passed one of the earliest sign ordinances, restricting the size and height of signs and billboards. The
city stated it was protecting the safety of its residents, which it claimed were getting into traffic accidents craning their
necks to see higher signs. The ordinance was highly controversial at the time and the city was taken to the U.S. Supreme Court, but now such ordinances are common. Scottsdale also contracted out its fire department in
what was to be a wave of the privatization of operations of city government that never materialized. Afraid of lawsuits if it
used the red color of firetrucks of other cities in the U.S., the company that took over the contract painted the fire engines a
fluorescent greenish yellow. The city also developed the first robot arm garbage truck, replacing crews who dumped cans into a
train of open trailers pulled by a truck, with a single operator sitting in an air conditioned cab.[3]
From its official incorporation in 1951 with a population of 2000, the town of Scottsdale has grown to a 2007 Census of 240,710. It is now the state's sixth-largest city. Scottsdale is commonly defined by its high quality
of life, and in 1993 was named the "Most Livable City," in the United States by the
United States Conference of Mayors.[4] This title is notoriously lampooned across the state because of the high cost of
living in Scottsdale. It is continually ranked as one of the premier golf and resort destinations in the world, with a sizable
portion of tax revenue being derived from tourism. It is also home to the FBR Open Golf
Tournament held at the Tournament Players Club, which carries the distinction of
the best-attended event on the PGA Tour.
Geography
Scottsdale is located at 33°29′35″N, 111°55′34″W (33.493118,
-111.926097)1. The city is located in the
Salt River Valley, or the, "Valley of the Sun," in the northern reaches of the Sonoran
Desert. Immediately to the east and northeast of Scottsdale is the McDowell Mountain
Range. Scottsdale borders the city of Phoenix and town of Paradise Valley to the west, Tempe to the south, and
Fountain Hills to the east.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area
of 477.7 km² (184.4 mi²). 477.1 km² (184.2 mi²) of
it is land and 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it (0.12%) is water.
Climate
Scottsdale's climate is hot and arid. Winters are mild to moderate, and summers are very hot.
The lowest temperature ever recorded in the city is 19.0°F, on February 20, 1955, and the highest temperature ever recorded is 119.0°F, on June 26,
1970 and August 2, 1972.[5]
Desert landscape in the Scottsdale area
- See also: Phoenix (Climate)
Cityscape
The city is loosely divided into four areas: South Scottsdale (McKellips Road north to Chaparral Road), Old Town (Downtown)
Scottsdale, Central Scottsdale (also known as the, "Shea Corridor"; extends from Chaparral Road north to Shea Boulevard), and
North Scottsdale. The real estate market in Scottsdale is among the most expensive in the United States. In 2005, both Scottsdale
and Paradise Valley were among the top ten markets in the nation for luxury home sales, and the only two cities outside of
California. Paradise Valley was ranked ninth with $637 million in luxury home sales, while Scottsdale was ranked tenth with $594
million in luxury home sales.[6]
South Scottsdale has been known for many years as more or less the working class region of Scottsdale, although today it is
transforming into a dynamic urban area. It contains the major nightlife for the area and is a major art center of metro Phoenix.
The median resale home price is $291,500, compared to $667,450 in North Scottsdale.[7] South Scottsdale will also soon be home to a new research center for Arizona State University.[8]
Old Town Scottsdale is an area with many streets, stores, restaurants, bars, nightclubs, and western art galleries evoking the
old cowboy era. Scottsdale's main cultural district is also in this area, which includes the high-end Scottsdale Fashion Square Mall, one of the twenty largest malls in the United States,[9].
The Shea Corridor is so named because it is in close proximity to the east-west running Shea Boulevard. Real estate in the
Shea Corridor (Central Scottsdale) has increased during the 1990s, and overall, the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale real estate market
has seen the largest gain in home prices in the nation, with a 38.4% increase in value.[10]
North Scottsdale is currently the most actively developed area of Scottsdale as it was historically the least built up. The
city's borders rapidly expand to the east and west in this area, containing the McDowell Mountain range.
Demographics
City of Scottsdale
Population by year[11] |
| 1930 |
1,047 |
| 1940 |
2,761 |
| 1960 |
2,032 |
| 1970 |
67,823 |
| 1980 |
88,622 |
| 1990 |
130,075 |
| 2000 |
202,705 |
| 2006 |
231,127 |
| 2007 |
240,410 |
As of the census2 of 2000, there were 202,705 people, 90,669 households, and 54,492 families
residing in the city. The population density was 424.9/km² (1,100.4/mi²). There were
104,974 housing units at an average density of 220.0/km² (569.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.19% White, 1.23% Black or African American, 0.61% Native American, 1.96% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 2.27% from other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. 6.96% of the population
were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 90,669 households out of which 22.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.9% were
non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or
older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.79.
In the city the population was spread out with 19.3% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from
45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 93.2 males.
For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $57,484, and the median income for a family was $73,846. Males had a median
income of $51,204 versus $34,739 for females. The per capita income for the city was
$39,158. About 3.4% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty
line, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
- See also: List of major
corporations in Phoenix
The tourism industry is Scottsdale's primary employer, accounting for 39% of the city's
workforce. In 2005, 7.5 million visitors stayed in the city, providing an economic impact of $3.1 billion.[12] The city is home to more than 70
resorts and hotels, with four of them listed as AAA Five-Diamond hotels
in 2005 (The Phoenician, Scottsdale Camelback Inn, Four Seasons Resort
Scottsdale at Troon North, and the Fairmont Princess Resort and
Spa).[13] Scottsdale also boasts the highest number
of resort spas per capita of any city in the U.S, earning the city a national
recognition as an ideal destination for relaxation.[14] The
city's year-round warm weather is a great factor in its appeal, as many tourists from the midwest (known locally as
"snowbirds") flood the community during the winter season, and many also purchase
second homes in the area.[15]
Mayo Clinic has one of its three major locations in Scottsdale, as well as a
hospital.[16]
The aviation industry has also grown in Scottsdale, with the Scottsdale Airport, which opened in the 1960s. By 2004, the airpark area around the airport employed
nearly 50,000 people, and housed 2,200 businesses with a combined economic impact of $3 billion annually.
Notable companies that locate their headquarters in Scottsdale include a Fortune 500 company, Allied Waste, private fire protection and medical transportation company Rural Metro, web address registrar Go Daddy and electroshock gun company
TASER International.
Arts and culture
Scottsdale is known for its affluent culture and high society. The city boasts many
luxury restaurants, bars, nightclubs, golf courses, art galleries, and other cultural
diversions. Many residents are often stereotyped as being somewhat arrogant, and some
mockingly refer to the city by such nicknames as "Snottsdale" or "Snobsdale."[17][18] Scottsdale's affluent culture has been depicted by shows such as MTV's My Super Sweet 16, which filmed an episode in the area in
2006, and by the short-lived CBS reality show Tuesday
Night Book Club.[19][17]
Annual cultural events and fairs
The West's Most Western Town prides itself in its rich Western cowboy history, preserving while heavily promoting its
plethora of "western" activities and events. The renowned Scottsdale Arabian Horse Show has been a Scottsdale tradition
since 1955. Today, the show attracts thousands of visitors and tourists, hoping to catch a glimpse of nearly 2000 purebred
Arabian and Half-Arabian horses competing for various prizes and recognition. The show also features over 300 vendors and
exhibitions, and over 25 demonstrations and shows.[20]
Perhaps the most famous present-day cowboy event is the Scottsdale Jaycees Parada del Sol, an annual month long event
held in Scottsdale since 1954. Originally named The Sunshine Festival, the PRCA Rodeo was added in 1956. Cowboys and cowgirls
from across the nation converge in Scottsdale to participate in this cultural and historical event. The event begins each year
with the Parada del Sol Parade, the world's largest horse-drawn parade with over 150 entries in any given year.[21]
North Scottsdale hosts the Barrett-Jackson Auto Show, an auto enthusiast's and
collector's auction, in January of every year. The show features many exotic automobiles, and attracts car enthusiasts from all
over the world.
Museums and art galleries
Scottsdale is home to more than 125 art galleries,[22]
The city has quickly become a center for art in the United States. Its galleries are most famous for western and Native American
themed art.[23] The Scottsdale Gallery
Association sponsors a weekly Art Walk on Thursday evenings, featuring many prominent artists.
Located in Old Town is Scottsdale's performing arts district. The Scottsdale Center for the Arts hosts musicals and
plays, with several open-ended performances including the nationwide Menopause: The Musical and Arizona's longest running
show, The Late Night Catechism.
Taliesin West, architect Frank Lloyd
Wright's winter home and school from 1937 until 1959, is also a popular tourist attraction. Wright also designed the
Gammage Auditorium in nearby Tempe.
Also in this district since 1971 is the Scottsdale Arts Festival. Held every March, the Festival draws more than 40,000
visitors over a three-day weekend. It is Scottsdale's oldest arts festival, with proceeds supporting the Scottsdale Center for
the Performing Arts' arts education and community outreach programs. The Festival includes arts and fine crafts for sale, as well
as presentations, performances and demonstrations.
Shopping & nightlife
Scottsdale is one of the premiere shopping destinations of the southwest, home to many upscale and high-end boutiques and
shops, with many stores such as Tiffany reporting their Scottsdale location as one of
the highest sales per square foot in the nation. There are more than 15 shopping centers, including the more upscale
Kierland Commons and Scottsdale Fashion
Square.
Scottsdale continues to expand its plethora of shopping destinations with both the Scottsdale Waterfront and the northern Scottsdale Palisene.
Scottsdale is also home to a wide variety of nightclubs and bars. Along with nearby Phoenix and Tempe, the Phoenix Metro Area is one of the most happening places in the entire southwest.[24] The clubs in Scottsdale cater to a wide variety
of patrons, some catering to the younger college crowd from nearby Scottsdale Community College and Arizona State University, while more upscale establishments are geared towards the 30 to 40+
crowds. While many patrons dress stylishly, there is no formal dress code, due to the hot climate.[24]
Sports and recreation
There are no major league professional team sports
in Scottsdale. Many residents follow the teams in nearby Phoenix and Glendale. The city is the spring training home of the
San Francisco Giants, who practice at Scottsdale Stadium.[25] Scottsdale Stadium also hosts the Scottsdale
Scorpions, a minor league baseball team in the
Arizona Fall League.
Scottsdale is widely known as a premier destination in the United States for golf. The
FBR Open Golf Tournament is held annually each spring at the Tournament Players Club, and the city is home to more than 200 area courses offering layouts
that range from the rolling green fairways of traditional courses to desert golf designs. In 2006, the Robb Report cited Scottsdale as, "America's Best Place to Live for Golf."[26] The Boulders Resort & Golden
Spa and Four Seasons Resort Scottsdale at Troon North were
selected in 2005 as the second and fourth best golf resorts in the nation by [[Travel + Leisure Golf|Travel & Leisure Golf
Magazine]].[27] Other notable golf courses in the area
include Desert Mountain, Grayhawk, and Desert Highlands.
Government
Scottsdale is governed by a mayor and city council, all
of whom are elected "at large" to represent the entire city. A city manager is responsible
for the executive leadership of the city staff, as well as implementing council policies, developing programs and budgets to
respond to council goals, and ensuring that citizens receive effective and efficient city services. The city manager also serves
as the city treasurer.
The current mayor is Mary Manross (term ends June 2008), and the current members of the
city council are Betty Drake, Wayne Ecton, W.J. "Jim" Lane, Robert Littlefield, Ron
McCullagh, and Tony Nelssen. The current city manager is Janet M. Dolan.
Transportation
Scottsdale is located along Arizona State Route 101, which provides access to
nearby Phoenix, Tempe, Mesa, Chandler, and other cities in the metro area. The
speed limit on Route 101, as well as on many city streets, has been enforced since February
2007 by photo radar.[28]
Commercial air travel is served primarily by Sky Harbor
International Airport (IATA:
PHX, ICAO: KPHX) in
Phoenix. The city is also home to Scottsdale
Municipal Airport (IATA:
SDL, ICAO: KSDL), a
single-runway airport with over 500 operations per day. While the airport serves some tour and commuter flights, the plurality of
aircraft operations are transient general aviation traffic.
Education
- See also: List of school
districts in Phoenix, Arizona
Public education in Scottsdale is provided for primarily by the Scottsdale Unified School District. A minority of the outlying parts of town fall
under other school districts in the Phoenix Metro Area, including the Cave Creek Unified School
District, Paradise Valley Unified School District,
Phoenix Union High School District, Tempe
Union High School District, and the Balsz Elementary School District.
There are five major high schools in Scottsdale: Arcadia High School, Chaparral High
School, Coronado High School, Desert Mountain High School, and Saguaro High
School.
The primary institution of higher education in the city is Scottsdale Community
College. Many students also commute to nearby Arizona State University
in Tempe.
Scottsdale is also home of the International School of Arizona, a
non-profit bilingual school that teaches children classes in a foreign language (French, Spanish or German).
Sister cities
Scottsdale has four sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International,
Inc.:[29]
See also
References
- ^ a b Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places over 100,000 (CSV). 2005 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division (June 21 2006). Retrieved on November 14, 2006.
- ^ a b c "Indian Bend Wash:
Construction Complete." United States Environmental
Protection Agency. Page last updated on February 16, 2007. Retrieved on February 28, 2007.
- ^ http://www.scottsdalecvb.com/about/index.cfm?action=history
- ^ "Scottsdale History." Scottsdale Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved on June 1,
2006.
- ^ "Scottsdale Weather: Records &
Averages." Yahoo! Retrieved on April 30,
2007.
- ^ Yantis, John. "State tops $1 billion in luxury home
sales in 2005." East Valley Tribune. March
7, 2006.
- ^ Butler, Jay; Lambrakis, Christine. "Greater Phoenix August Resale Market Housing
Price Increases Slow." Arizona State University. September 14, 2005. Retrieved on August 9,
2006.
- ^ "SkySong: Project Overview."
skysongcenter.com. February 2007.
Retrieved on April 29, 2007.
- ^ "Largest Shopping Malls in the United States (2004)." American Studies, Eastern Connecticut State University. December
17, 2005. Retrieved on August 9, 2006.
- ^ Christie, Les. "Real estate cools
down." CNN (CNN Money). May 16, 2006. Retrieved on July 6, 2006.
- ^ Gibson, Campbell. "Population of the 100
Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990." United States Census Bureau. June, 1998. Retrieved on October 7 2006.
- ^ "Headline News."
Downtown Scottsdale Bulletin. November 7, 2006.
Retrieved on April 18, 2007.
- ^ Sardone, Susan B. "AAA Five-Diamond Hotels 2005
- AAA Hotel Listings." About.com. 2005. Retrieved on August 9, 2006.
- ^ Hogan, Shanna. "Scottsdale is tops in country for
spas." East Valley Tribune. July 11,
2006. Retrieved on July 13, 2006.
- ^ Roxborough, Shannon. "Tourists often wind up buying second homes." northjersey.com. April 15, 2007. Retrieved on April 18, 2007.
- ^ "Mayo Clinic Scottsdale (website)." Retrieved on [[{April 29]], 2007.
- ^ a b Scharnberg, Kirsten. "A new sin city: `Snottsdale'." Chicago
Tribune. July 4, 2006. Retrieved on July 6, 2006.
- ^ Nowicki, Dan. "'Snobsdale'
in prime time." Arizona Republic. June
15, 2006. Retrieved on July 6, 2006.
- ^ Rose, Jaimee. "Welcome to Marissa's
world." Arizona Republic. April 26,
2006. Retrieved on July 6, 2006.
- ^ Hedding, Judy. "Scottsdale Arabian Horse
Show." About.com. Retrieved on August 9,
2006.
- ^ "Scottsdale Jaycees Parada del Sol - History." Scottsdale Jaycees. Retrieved on August 16,
2006.
- ^ "Listings of Scottsdale Art Galleries." Scottsdale Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved on July
6, 2006.
- ^ Staff Writer. "Things to
do in Phoenix." The Arizona Republic. June
7, 2006. Retrieved on December 7, 2006.
- ^ a b Staff Writer. "One Night Stand in Phoenix/Scottsdale." PubClub.com. Retrieved on July 6, 2006.
- ^ "Scottsdale Stadium." City of Scottsdale (website)]. Retrieved on April 18, 2007.
- ^ Bennett, Liam. "Scottsdale's Fantasy 18."
Scottsdale Convention & Visitors
Bureau. Retrieved on June 1, 2006.
- ^ Staff Writer. "2005 World's Best Golf
Resorts." [[Travel + Leisure Golf]]. Retrieved on July 6, 2006.
- ^ "Scottsdale's Focus On Safety program
and the Photo Enforcement 101 program." scottsdaleaz.gov. Retrieved on April 29, 2007.
- ^ Sister Cities information obtained from the Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)." Retrieved on
June 1, 2006.
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Coordinates:
33.493118° N 111.926097°
W
