shoulder

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Dictionary: shoul·der (shōl'dər) pronunciation

1. The joint connecting the arm with the torso.
2. The part of the human body between the neck and upper arm.
1. The joint of a vertebrate animal that connects the forelimb to the trunk.
2. The part of an animal near this joint.
3. The part of a bird's wing between the wrist and the trunk.
The area of the back from one shoulder to the other. Often used in the plural.
A cut of meat including the joint of the foreleg and adjacent parts.
The portion of a garment that covers the shoulder.
An angled or sloping part, as:
1. The angle between the face and flank of a bastion in a fortification.
2. The area between the body and neck of a bottle or vase.
The area of an item or object that serves as an abutment or surrounds a projection, as:
1. The end surface of a board from which a tenon projects.
2. Printing. The flat surface on the body of type that extends beyond the letter or character.
The edge or border running on either side of a roadway.

v., -dered, -der·ing, -ders.

v.tr.

To carry or place (a burden, for example) on the shoulders.
To take on; assume: shouldered the blame for his friends.
To push or apply force to, with or as if with the shoulder.
To make (one's way) by or as if by shoving obstacles with one's shoulders.

v.intr.

To push with the shoulders.
To make one's way by or as if by shoving obstacles with one's shoulders.

idioms:

put (one's) shoulder to the wheel

To apply oneself vigorously; make a concentrated effort.

shoulder to shoulder

In close proximity; side by side.
In close cooperation.

straight from the shoulder

Delivered directly from the shoulder. Used of a punch.
Honestly; candidly.

[Middle English shulder, from Old English sculdor.]

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5min Related Video: Shoulders

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World of the Body: shoulder

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Like the hip, this is an example of the ‘ball and socket’ (or multiaxial) type of joint, with the head of the long bone of the upper arm (humerus) articulating with a hollow in the shoulder blade (scapula). The collar bone (clavicle) also plays a role in maintaining the stability of the shoulder joint, as it acts like a strut, holding the joint and the upper arm away from the chest and thus allowing the upper limb to swing freely. Because it is relatively thin and in a vulnerable position, the clavicle is broken more often than any other bone. The clavicle and scapula together form the shoulder (pectoral) girdle. Movement occurs in three planes: forwards (extension) and backwards (flexion) ; outwards (abduction) and inwards (adduction) ; twist in (internal rotation) and twist out (outward rotation). Combinations of these movements also give rise to ‘circumduction’, as at the hip. The shoulder has a greater degree of mobility than the hip, but is less stable, and therefore is more likely to be dislocated by injury. This is partly due to the fact that the shoulder ‘socket’ (glenoid fossa) is much shallower than the socket of the hip (acetabulum). In addition, the capsule is less strong than in the hip and the muscles acting at the shoulder, are less powerful. This vulnerability is the trade-off for the greater mobility of the shoulder joint, which is essential for even simple activities such as combing the hair. Inflammation of the tendons of the muscles surrounding the shoulder joint (rotator cuff muscles) can give rise to pain on lifting the arm (frozen shoulder).

X-ray of adult shoulder. Reproduced, with permission, from Cunningham's textbook of anatomy, (12th edn), OUP.

— William R. Ferrell

Shoulder

Diagram of the human shoulder joint

Capsule of shoulder-joint (distended). Anterior aspect.
Latin	articulatio humeri
Gray's	subject #81 313

Joints of the shoulder

There are three joints of the shoulder: The glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, and the sternoclavicular joints.

Glenohumeral joint

The glenohumeral joint is the main joint of the shoulder and the generic term "shoulder joint" usually refers to it. It is a ball and socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. It is formed by the articulation between the head of the humerus and the lateral scapula. The "ball" of the joint is the rounded, medial anterior surface of the humerus and the "socket" is formed by the glenoid fossa, the dish-shaped portion of the lateral scapula. The shallowness of the fossa and relatively loose connections between the shoulder and the rest of the body allows the arm to have tremendous mobility, at the expense of being much easier to dislocate than most other joints in the body.

The capsule is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the scapula, humerus, and head of the biceps. It is lined by a thin, smooth synovial membrane. This capsule is strengthened by the coracohumeral ligament which attaches the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus. There are also three other ligaments attaching the lesser tubercle of the humerus to lateral scapula and are collectively called the glenohumeral ligaments.

There is also a ligament called semicirculare humeri which is a transversal band between the posterior sides of the tuberculum minus and majus of the humerus. This band is one of the most important strengthening ligaments of the joint capsule.

Sternoclavicular joint

The sternoclavicular occurs at the medial end of the clavicle with the manubrium or top most portion of the sternum. The clavicle is triangular and rounded and the manubrium is convex; the two bones articulate. The joint consists of a tight capsule and complete intra-articular disc which ensures stability of the joint. The costoclavicular ligament is the main limitation to movement, therefore, the main stabiliser of the joint. A fibrocartilaginous disc present at the joint increases the range of movement. Sternoclavicular subluxation is rare, however can be caused by direct trauma.

Movements of the shoulder

The muscles and joints of the shoulder allow it to move through a remarkable range of motion, making it the most mobile joint in the human body. The shoulder can abduct, adduct (such as during the shoulder fly), rotate, be raised in front of and behind the torso and move through a full 360° in the sagittal plane. This tremendous range of motion also makes the shoulder extremely unstable, far more prone to dislocation and injury than other joints.

Major muscles

The muscles that are responsible for movement in the shoulder attach to the scapula, humerus, and clavicle. The muscles that surround the shoulder form the shoulder cap and underarm.

Name	Attachment	Function
serratus anterior	Originates on the surface of the upper eight ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula.	It fixes the scapula into the thoracic wall and aids in rotation and abduction of the shoulders.
subclavius	Located inferior to the clavicle, originating on the first rib and inserting (penetrating) on the subclavian groove of the clavicle.	It depresses the lateral clavicle and also acts to stabilize the clavicle.
pectoralis minor	Arises from the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, near their cartilage and inserts into the medial border and upper surface of the coracoid process of the scapula.	This muscle aids in respiration, medially rotates the scapula, protracts the scapula, and also draws the scapula inferiorly.
sternocleidomastoid	Attaches to the sternum (sterno-), the clavicle (cleido-), and the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull.	Most of its actions flex and rotate the head. In regards to the shoulder, however, it also aids in respiration by elevating the sternoclavicular joint when the head is fixed.
levator scapulae	Arises from the transverse processes of the first four cervical vertebrae and inserts into the medial border of the scapula.	It is capable of rotating the scapula downward and elevating the scapula.
rhomboid major and rhomboid minor (work together)	They arise from the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae T1 to T5 as well as from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical. They insert on the medial border of the scapula, from about the level of the scapular spine to the scapula's inferior angle.	They are responsible for downward rotation of the scapula with the levator scapulae, as well as adduction of the scapula.
trapezius	Arises from the occipital bone, the ligamentum nuchae, the spinous process of the seventh cervical, and the spinous processes of all the thoracic vertebrae, and from the corresponding portion of the supraspinal ligament. It inserts on the lateral clavicle, the acromion process, and into the spine of the scapula.	Different portions of the fibers perform different actions on the scapula: depression, upward rotation, elevation, and adductions.
deltoid, anterior fibers	Arises from the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle.	The anterior fibres are involved in shoulder abduction when the shoulder is externally rotated. The anterior deltoid is weak in strict transverse flexion but assists the pectoralis major during shoulder transverse flexion / shoulder flexion (elbow slightly inferior to shoulders).
deltoid, middle fibers	Arises from the lateral margin and upper surface of the acromion.	The middle fibres are involved in shoulder abduction when the shoulder is internally rotated, are involved in shoulder flexion when the shoulder is internally rotated, and are involved in shoulder transverse abduction (shoulder externally rotated) -- but are not utilized significantly during strict transverse extension (shoulder internally rotated).
deltoid, posterior fibers	Arises from the lower lip of the posterior border of the spine of the scapula, as far back as the triangular surface at its medial end.	The posterior fibres are strongly involved in transverse extension particularly since the latissimus dorsi muscle is very weak in strict transverse extension. The posterior deltoid is also the primary shoulder hyperextensor.

Rotator cuff

Main article: Rotator cuff

The rotator cuff is an anatomical term given to the group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. It is composed of the tendons and muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis) that hold the head of the humerus (ball) in the glenoid fossa (socket).

Two filmy sac-like structures called bursae permit smooth gliding between bone, muscle, and tendon. They cushion and protect the rotator cuff from the bony arch of the acromion.

Measurement of shoulder loads

Instrumented shoulder endoprosthesis, with a 9-channel telemetry transmitter to measure six load components in vivo. (cut model)

For understanding normal and pathologic shoulder function knowledge of forces in the glenohumeral joint is essential. It forms the basis for performing fracture treatment or joint replacement surgery, for optimizing implant design and fixation and for improving and verifying analytical biomechanical models of the shoulder. With instrumented shoulder implants developed at the Julius Wolff Institut (Charité Berlin) the joint contact forces and moments can be measured in vivo^[3] during different activities.

Additional images

The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula.

Medical problems

Notes

^ Shoulder+joint at eMedicine Dictionary
^ Shoulder at eMedicine Dictionary
^ In vivo measurements of shoulder load with instrumented shoulder implants, Julius Wolff Institut, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin

References

Anderson, Stephen A.; Calais-Germain, Blandine (1993). Anatomy of movement. Chicago: Eastland Press. ISBN 0-939616-17-3.
McKinley, Michael P.; Martini, Frederic; Timmons, Michael J. (2000). Human anatomy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-010011-0.

External links

Look up shoulder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Human anatomy (TA A01.1)

Head

Forehead · Ear · Jaw · Face (Cheek, Eye, Nose, Mouth, Chin) · Occiput · Scalp · Temple

Neck

Throat · Adam's apple

Torso

Breast · Thorax · Abdomen · Navel · Back · Pelvis
Sex organs

Limbs

Upper limb	Shoulder · Axilla · Arm Elbow · Forearm Wrist · Hand · Finger (Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little)

Lower limb/ (see also leg)	Hip · Buttocks · Thigh Knee · Calf · Crus Ankle · Heel · Foot · Toe (Hallux · Fifth) · Sole

Skin

Hair

Joints and ligaments of upper limbs (TA A03.5, GA 3.313)

Shoulder

Sternoclavicular	Anterior sternoclavicular · Posterior sternoclavicular · Interclavicular · Costoclavicular

Acromioclavicular	Acromioclavicular · Coracoclavicular (trapezoid, conoid) · Coracoacromial · Superior transverse scapular · Inferior transverse of scapula

Glenohumeral	Coracohumeral · Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior) · Transverse humeral · Glenoid labrum

Elbow

Humeroradial	Radial collateral

Humeroulnar	Ulnar collateral

Proximal radioulnar	Anular · Oblique cord

Forearm

Distal radioulnar	Volar radioulnar · Dorsal radioulnar

Wrist/radiocarpal	Palmar radiocarpal · Dorsal radiocarpal · Palmar ulnocarpal · Ulnar collateral · Radial collateral

Other	Interosseous membrane of forearm

Hand

Intercarpal, midcarpal	Pisohamate · Scapholunate

Carpometacarpal	Dorsal carpometacarpal · Palmar carpometacarpal (pisometacarpal)

Intermetacarpal	Deep transverse metacarpal · Superficial transverse metacarpal

Metacarpophalangeal	Palmar · Collateral

Interphalangeal	Palmar · Collateral

Other	Carpal tunnel · Ulnar canal

List of muscles of upper limbs (TA A04.6, GA 4.432)

Shoulder

deltoid · rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) · teres major
fascia: Deltoid fascia · Supraspinous fascia · Infraspinous fascia

Arm
(compartments)

Anterior	coracobrachialis · biceps brachii · brachialis

Posterior	triceps brachii · anconeus · Articularis cubiti

Fascia	Axillary sheath · Axillary fascia · Brachial fascia · intermuscular septa (Lateral, Medial)

Other	spaces (Quadrangular space, Triangular space, Triangular interval)

Forearm

Anterior	superficial: pronator teres · palmaris longus · flexor carpi radialis · flexor carpi ulnaris · flexor digitorum superficialis deep: pronator quadratus · flexor digitorum profundus · flexor pollicis longus

Posterior	superficial: mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) · extensor digitorum · extensor digiti minimi · extensor carpi ulnaris deep: supinator · anatomical snuff box (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus) · extensor indicis

Fascia	Bicipital aponeurosis · common tendons (Extensor, Flexor) · Antebrachial fascia

Other	Cubital tunnel

Hand

Lateral volar	thenar (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis) · adductor pollicis

Medial volar	hypothenar (opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor minimi digiti) · palmaris brevis

Intermediate	lumbrical · interossei (dorsal, palmar)

Fascia	posterior: Extensor retinaculum · Extensor expansion anterior: Flexor retinaculum · Palmar aponeurosis

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

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Translations: Shoulder

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - skulder, bov, rabat, vejkant
v. tr. - påtage sig, tage på skuldrene, tage på nakken
v. intr. - trænges

idioms:

head and shoulders above rage langt op over
look over one's shoulders kigge sig over skulderen
set one's shoulder to the wheel lægge alle kræfter i
shoulder blade skulderblad
shoulder pad skulderpude
shoulder strap skulderstrop
shoulder the blame for påtage sig skylden for
shoulder to shoulder skulder ved skulder, last og brast

Nederlands (Dutch)
schouder, berm, vluchtheuvel, (een last) dragen

Français (French)
n. - (Anat) épaule, replat, (Cout) épaule, bas-côté, (Culin) épaule
v. tr. - mettre sur l'épaule, (fig) se charger de, endosser (une responsabilité), se frayer un chemin
v. intr. - mettre sur l'épaule, se charger de, endosser

idioms:

head and shoulders above (lit) dépasser qn d'une bonne tête, (fig) laisser qn loin derrière
look over one's shoulders (lit, fig) regarder derrière soi
set one's shoulder to the wheel s'atteler à la tâche
shoulder blade omoplate
shoulder pad épaulette
shoulder strap bretelles, bandoulière
shoulder the blame for endosser la charge de
shoulder to shoulder côte-à-côte

Deutsch (German)
n. - Schulter, Schulterpartie, Bug, Seitenstreifen
v. - drängen, schultern

idioms:

head and shoulders above haushoch überlegen
look over one's shoulders jmdm. über die Schulter blicken
set one's shoulder to the wheel sich ins Geschirr legen
shoulder blade Schulterblatt
shoulder pad Schulterpolster
shoulder strap Träger, Schulterklappe, Tragriemen
shoulder the blame for die Verantwortung übernehmen
shoulder to shoulder Schulter an Schulter

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - ώμος, σπάλα, κράσπεδο ασφαλτοστρωμένου δρόμου, (πληθ.) πλάτες, ώμοι
v. - επωμίζομαι, φορτώνομαι, ζαλώνομαι, σπρώχνω με τον ώμο

idioms:

head and shoulders above (καθομ.) ένα κεφάλι ψηλότερος από, κατά πολύ καλύτερος του
look over one's shoulders είμαι πάνω από το κεφάλι κάποιου
set one's shoulder to the wheel βάζω τα δυνατά μου
shoulder blade ωμοπλάτη
shoulder pad βάτα ώμου
shoulder strap τιράντα, επωμίδα, (στρατ.) αορτήρας, τελαμώνας
shoulder the blame for παίρνω επάνω μου την ευθύνη
shoulder to shoulder πλάι-πλάι

Italiano (Italian)
ciglio, spalla

idioms:

head and shoulders above di gran lunga superiore a
look over one's shoulders guardarsi alle spalle
rub shoulders with mettersi insieme con
set one's shoulder to the wheel darci dentro
shoulder blade scapola
shoulder pad spallina
shoulder strap bretelle
shoulder to shoulder fianco a fianco

Português (Portuguese)
n. - ombro (m), banqueta (f), faixa (f) vedada ao trânsito
v. - empurrar, carregar às costas, assumir responsabilidade

idioms:

head and shoulders above muito superior
look over one's shoulders olhar por cima dos ombros
rub shoulders with associar-se a alguém
set one's shoulder to the wheel trabalhar com afinco
shoulder blade escápula (f)
shoulder pad ombreira (f)
shoulder strap alça (f) de vestido
shoulder the blame for aceitar a culpa por
shoulder to shoulder ombro a ombro

Русский (Russian)
плечо, плечевой сустав, лопатка, вешалка, межсезонье, что-л напоминающее по форме плечо, межсезонный, взваливать на плечо, брать на себя, толкать плечом, иметь форму плеча

idioms:

head and shoulders above "на голову выше"
look over one's shoulders оглядываться, бояться, остерегаться
rub shoulders with общаться, находиться рядом, бок о бок
set one's shoulder to the wheel энергично взяться за дело
shoulder blade лопатка
shoulder pad накладное плечо
shoulder strap погон, бретелька, лямка, плечевой ремень
shoulder to shoulder плечо к плечу

Español (Spanish)
n. - arcén, banqueta, desnivel, estibación, hombro, espaldilla, paletilla
v. tr. - echarse sobre las espaldas, cargar o ponerse al hombro, llevar a hombros, cargar con, asumir, tomar sobre sí
v. intr. - dar empujones con el hombro, abrirse paso empujando con el hombro

idioms:

head and shoulders above llevarle la cabeza a uno, sacarle la cabeza a uno
look over one's shoulders mirar hacia atrás
set one's shoulder to the wheel arrimar el hombro
shoulder blade espaldilla, escápula, omóplato, paleta, paletilla
shoulder pad hombrera
shoulder strap tirante, correa, bandolera
shoulder the blame for asumir la responsabilidad de
shoulder to shoulder hombro a hombro

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - skuldra, axel, bog (kreatur), vägkant
v. - lägga på axeln, axla, knuffa med axeln, ta på sig

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
肩, 侧翼, 肩部, 肩负, 担任, 负担, 用肩推挤

idioms:

head and shoulders above 远远超出
look over one's shoulders 回头看, 小心提防
set one's shoulder to the wheel 努力工作, 全力以赴, 助一臂之力
shoulder blade 肩胛骨
shoulder pad 垫肩
shoulder strap 肩章, 保护肩部的衬垫
shoulder the blame for 承担指责
shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地, 齐心协力地

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 肩, 側翼, 肩部
v. tr. - 肩負, 擔任, 負擔
v. intr. - 用肩推擠

idioms:

head and shoulders above 遠遠超出
look over one's shoulders 回頭看, 小心提防
set one's shoulder to the wheel 努力工作, 全力以赴, 助一臂之力
shoulder blade 肩胛骨
shoulder pad 墊肩
shoulder strap 肩章, 保護肩部的襯墊
shoulder the blame for 承擔指責
shoulder to shoulder 肩並肩地, 齊心協力地

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 어깨, 산마루, 어깨총의 자세
v. tr. - 짊어지다, (책임 따위를) 떠맡다, ~을 어깨로 밀다
v. intr. - 어깨로 밀다, (어깨로 밀듯) 밀치다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 肩, 上背部, 双肩, 肩肉, 路肩, 肩に当たる部分
v. - 担ぐ, 負う, 肩で押す

idioms:

set one's shoulder to the wheel 目的に向かってせっせと働く
shoulder blade 肩甲骨
shoulder pad 肩台
shoulder strap 肩紐, つりひも, 肩章
shoulder the blame for 責めを負う
shoulder to shoulder 協力して, 肩と肩を触れ合って, 密集して, 互いに協力して

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) منكب, كتف (فعل) يتنكن "يحمل على منكبه ", يتحمل عبء كذا أو تبعته‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮כתף, שכם, כתף-הר, כתף-בקבוק, שולי-הכביש‬
v. tr. - ‮כיתף, טען על הכתף, דחף בכתפו, נטל על עצמו‬
v. intr. - ‮פילס דרך בכתפו‬

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shoulder

Contents

Joints of the shoulder

Glenohumeral joint

Sternoclavicular joint

Movements of the shoulder

Major muscles

Rotator cuff

Measurement of shoulder loads

Additional images

Medical problems

See also

Notes

References

External links