Sophia

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(1657 - 1704); regent to Tsars Ivan V and Peter I, 1682 - 1689.

The fifth daughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his first wife Maria Miloslavskaya, Sophia spent her youth in the terem, where her freedom was restricted, but she also came into contact with the new cultural trends of Tsar Alexei's later years. Many historians describe her as a pupil of Simeon Polotsky, but, although she was literate, there is no hard evidence that she studied with him. Those who regard Sophia as ambitious believe that she prepared for power during the reign of her brother Tsar Fyodor (r. 1676 - 1682) by attending his sick-bed and making political alliances, notably with Prince Vasily Golitsyn, whose lover she is said to have became. However, evidence of an intimate relationship, which would have seriously breached Muscovite moral codes, rests mainly on hearsay and rumor, as do Sophia's early political ambitions.

Following Fyodor's death in 1682, in the absence of mature males of royal blood, Sophia entered the political arena, as Muscovite conventions allowed royal women to do. She was motivated by the decision to make her half-brother Peter (b. 1672) sole ruler in preference to the elder, but physically and mentally handicapped, Tsarevich Ivan (b. 1666). Exploiting the Moscow militia's (musketeers') action to air grievances and take revenge on unpopular officers and officials in Peter's government, in May 1682 Sophia and her party were able to secure Ivan's accession as joint tsar with Peter. Most historians refer to Sophia as regent to her brothers, although she was never formally appointed as such. Even so, she was widely regarded as ruler and consolidated her authority by successfully quelling the continuation of musketeer unrest in 1682 during the period known as the Khovanshchina. She began to add her name to those of her brothers in royal edicts and to take part in public ceremonies and receptions, discarding some of the restrictions of the terem.

The dual monarchy required a new configuration of power at court in order to defuse tensions and achieve a consensus. Many additional men were promoted to boyar status. The ascendancy of the Miloslavsky clan was marginal, and by the late 1680s they lost ground to Peter's maternal relatives the Naryshkins and their clients. Sophia relied on Prince Vasily Golitsyn to spearhead both her foreign and her domestic policy, although later the secretary Fyodor Shaklovity rose to prominence. The regime's crowning achievement was the 1686 treaty with Poland, which ratified the Treaty of Andrusovo (1667) in return for Russia's agreement to sever relations with the Ottoman empire and enter the Holy League, a stepping-stone toward Russia's ascendancy over Poland, achieved later in Peter I's reign. At home, efforts continued to maximize the fulfillment of service requirements and the payment of tax liabilities and to maintain law and order. Mildness in some areas, for example banning the cruel practice of burying alive women who murdered their husbands, was offset by savage penalties against Old Believers (edict of 1685). At the same time, developments in foreign policy forced the regime to relax restrictions on non-Orthodox foreigners, which annoyed conservatives. Russia offered sanctuary from persecution to French Protestants and made concessions to foreign merchants and industrialists to encourage them to set up businesses. In 1689 commercial treaties were signed with Prussia. Russia's first institute of higher education, the Slavo-Greco-Latin Academy, founded in 1685, also relied on foreign teachers.

Like many powerful women, Sophia has been accused of Machiavellian tendencies. Although there is no evidence that she intended Peter harm, she did adopt a highly visible rulership profile and began to use the feminine form of the title "autocrat" (samoderzhitsa). She sponsored an impressive building program in the fashionable Moscow Baroque style and had her portrait with crown, orb, and scepter painted and reproduced in prints. Poets praised her, playing on the associations of her name (Sophia the Holy Wisdom). All this fueled fears that she planned to be crowned and spawned rumors of plots against Peter and his mother. Ultimately, her regime was undermined by the failure of two military campaigns against the Crimea in 1687 and 1689, leading to a standoff provoked by Peter's supporters. This time the musketeers' support for Sophia was lukewarm and did not quell her opponents. Some of her supporters were executed, and Sophia herself was banished to a convent. In 1698 the musketeers rebelled again. Rumors circulated that Sophia was the instigator, but the evidence was inconclusive. Nevertheless, Peter forced her to take the veil under the name Susannah. She died in the Novodevichy convent in Moscow in 1704.

Bibliography

Hughes, Lindsey. (1988). "'Ambitious and Daring Above her Sex': Tsarevna Sophia Alekseevna (1657 - 1704) in Foreigners' Accounts." Oxford Slavonic Papers 21: 65 - 89.

Hughes, Lindsey. (1990). Sophia: Regent of Russia, 1657 - 1704. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Thyret, Isolde. (2000). Between God and Tsar. Religious Symbolism and Royal Women of Muscovite Russia. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.

—LINDSEY HUGHES

Look up sophia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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Sophia and Sofia may refer to:

Contents 1 People 2 Geography 3 Novels 4 Music 5 Films 6 Games 7 Philosophy 8 Astronomy 9 See also

People

• Sophia (name), including people so named
• Queen Sofía of Spain, queen consort.
• Sophia Bush, an American actress.

Geography

• Sofia, the capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria

• Sofia Province, a province of Bulgaria
• Sophia, West Virginia
• Sophia, a former name of Niulakita, the southernmost island of Tuvalu
• Sofia Region, a region in northern Madagascar
• Sofia, Drochia, a commune in Drochia district, Moldova
• Sofia, Hînceşti, a commune in Hînceşti district, Moldova
• Sofia, New Mexico, an unincorporated community in Union County, New Mexico, USA

Novels

• Sofia, a character from the novel The Color Purple.

Music

• Sophia (indie band), headed by Robin Proper-Sheppard from California
• Sophia (pop rock band) from Chile
• Sophia (rock band) from Japan
• Sophia (EP), by The Crüxshadows
• "Sophia" (song), by Nerina Pallot
• "Sophia", a song by Good Shoes on their album Think Before You Speak
• "Song of Sophia", a song by Dead Can Dance from their album The Serpent's Egg
• Sofia (Swedish singer), full name Sofia Berntson

Films

• Sofia (film), a 1987 Argentine film

Games

• Sofia, a character in the Battle Arena Toshinden fighting game series.
• SOPHIA, a vehicle from the video game series Blaster Master

Philosophy

• Sophiology, a philosophical concept regarding wisdom, as well as a theological concept regarding the wisdom of God.
• Sophia (wisdom), a central term in Hellenistic philosophy and religion, Platonism, Gnosticism, Orthodox Christianity, Esoteric Christianity, and Christian mysticism.
• Sophia (journal), a periodical about religious and theological philosophy
• SOPHIA (European Foundation for the Advancement of Doing Philosophy with Children), a cooperative educational organization

Astronomy

• Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a joint project of NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) for an airborne telescope.
• 251 Sophia, a main belt asteroid

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: SOFIA

• All pages with titles containing "Sophia"

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