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A city of southern Germany on the Danube River southeast of Stuttgart. First mentioned in 854, it was later a free imperial city and reached the height of its influence in the 15th century. Napoleon defeated Austrian troops here in October 1805. Population: 121,000.
| Ulm | |
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| Coat of arms | Location |
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| Administration | |
| Country |  Germany |
|---|---|
| State | Baden-Württemberg |
| Admin. region | Tübingen |
| District | urban district |
| Mayor | Ivo Gönner (SPD) |
| Basic statistics | |
| Area | km² ( sq mi) |
| Elevation | m |
| Population |
Please give "Stand or population_as_of" in YYYY-MM-DD format , e. g.
2005-12-31
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| - Density | /km² ( /sq mi) |
| Other information | |
| Time zone | CET/CEST ([[UTC+1]]/[[UTC+2|+2]]) |
| Licence plate | UL |
| Postal codes | 89001-89081 |
| Area codes | 0731, 07304, 07305, 07346 |
| Website | ulm.de |
Ulm (IPA: [ˈʊlm]) is a city in the German Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Danube. The city, whose population is estimated at 120,000 (2006), forms an urban district of its own (German: Stadtkreis) and is the administrative seat of the Alb-Donau district. Ulm, founded around 850, is rich in history and traditions as a former Free Imperial City (German: freie Reichsstadt). Today, it is an economic center due to its varied industries, and it is the seat of a university (University of Ulm, founded in 1967). Internationally, Ulm is primarily known for its Ulm Münster and as the birthplace of Albert Einstein.
Ulm lies at the point where the Blau and Iller rivers join the Danube, at an altitude of 479 m above sea level. Most parts of the city, including the old town, are situated on the left bank of the Danube; only the districts of Wiblingen, Gögglingen, Donaustetten and Unterweiler lie on the right bank. Vis-à-vis of the old town, on the other side of the river, lies the "twin city" of Neu-Ulm in the state of Bavaria, smaller than Ulm and until 1810 a part of it (population ~50,000). Except for the Danube in the South, the city is surrounded by forests and hills which rise to altitudes of over 620 m, some of them part of the Swabian Alb. South of the Danube, plains and hills finally end in the northern edge of the Alps, which is approximately 100 km from Ulm and is visible from the city on clear days.
The city is divided into eighteen districts (German: Stadtteile): Ulm-Mitte, Böfingen, Donaustetten, Donautal, Eggingen, Einsingen, Ermingen, Eselsberg, Gögglingen, Grimmelfingen, Jungingen, Lehr, Mähringen, Oststadt, Söflingen (mit Harthausen), Unterweiler, Weststadt, and Wiblingen.
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The oldest traceable settlement of the Ulm area began in the early Neolithic period, around 5000 BC. Settlements of this time have been identified at the villages of Eggingen and Lehr, today districts of the city. In the city area of Ulm proper, the oldest find dates from the late Neolithic period.
Ulm was first mentioned in 854 and declared an Imperial City (German: Reichsstadt) by Friedrich Barbarossa in 1181. At first, its significance was due to the privilege of a Königspfalz, a place of accommodation for the medieval German kings and emperors on their frequent travels. Later, Ulm became a city of traders and craftsmen. One of the most important legal documents of the city, an agreement between the Ulm patricians and the trade guilds (German: Großer Schwörbrief), dates from 1397. This document, considered an early city constitution, and the beginning of the construction of an enormous cathedral (Ulm Münster, 1377), financed by the inhabitants of Ulm themselves rather than by the church, demonstrate the assertiveness of Ulm's mediæval citizens. Ulm blossomed during the 15th and 16th centuries, mostly due to the export of high-quality textiles. The city was situated at the crossroads of important trade routes extending to Italy. These centuries, during which many important buildings were erected, also represented the zenith of art in Ulm, especially for painters and sculptors like Hans Multscher and Jörg Syrlin the Elder. During the Reformation, Ulm became Protestant (1530). With the establishment of new trade routes following the discovery of the New World (16th century) and the outbreak and consequences of the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), the city began to decline gradually. Around 1700, it was alternately invaded several times by French and Bavarian soldiers.
In the wars following the French Revolution, the city was alternately occupied by French and Austrian forces, with the former ones destroying the city fortifications. In 1803, it lost the status of Imperial City and was absorbed into Bavaria. During the campaign of 1805, Napoleon managed to trap the invading Austrian army of General Mack and forced it to surrender in the Battle of Ulm. In 1810, Ulm was incorporated into the Kingdom of Württemberg and lost its neighborhoods on the other bank of the Danube, which became to be known as Neu-Ulm (New Ulm).
In the mid-19th century, the city was designated a fortress of the German Confederation with huge military construction works directed primarily against the threat of a French invasion. The city became an important center of industrialization in Southern Germany in the second half of the 19th century, its built area now being extended beyond the medieval walls. The construction of the huge cathedral, which had been interrupted in the 16th century due to economic reasons, was resumed and eventually finished (1844–91) in a wave of German national enthusiasm for the Middle Ages.
Like all other German cities, Ulm came under the control of the National Socialists in 1933. From 1933 to 1935, a concentration camp primarily for political opponents of the regime was established on the Kuhberg, one of the hills surrounding Ulm. The Jews of Ulm, around 500 people, were first discriminated against and later persecuted; their synagogue was torn down after Kristallnacht in November 1938. During World War II, the city was heavily damaged by allied air raids. The most serious attack occurred on December 17, 1944, killing 707 inhabitants and leaving 25,000 homeless. At the end of the war, over 80% of the mediæval city centre, before the war one of the largest in Southern Germany, lay in ruins.
Most of the city was rebuilt in the plain and simple style of the 1950s and 1960s, but some of the historic landmark buildings have been restored. Ulm experienced big growth in the decades following World War II, with the establishments of large new housing projects and new industrial zones. In 1967, Ulm University was founded, which proved to be of great importance for the development of the city. Particularly since the 1980s, the transition from classical industry towards the high-tech sector has accelerated, with for example the establishment of research centers of companies like DaimlerChrysler, Siemens and Nokia and a number of small applied research institutes near the university campus. The city today is still growing, forming a twin city of 170,000 inhabitants together with its Bavarian neighbor city of Neu-Ulm, and seems to benefit from its central position between the cities of Stuttgart and Munich and thus between the cultural and economic hubs of Southern Germany, also in Austria and Switzerland.
The city has very old trade traditions dating from medieval times, and a long history of industrialization, beginning with the establishment of a train station in 1850. The most important sector is still classical industry (machinery, especially motor vehicles; electronics; pharmaceutical industry). The establishment of the University of Ulm, which focuses on biomedicine, sciences and engineering, helped support the transition to high-tech industry in close connection to academic research, especially after the crisis of classical industries in the 1980s.
Companies with headquarters in Ulm include:
Companies with important plants in Ulm include:
In the west of Ulm, the FUG (Fernwärme Ulm GmbH) operates one of the most modern and powerful biomass power plants in Europe (60 MW electrical output). After Freiburg, the city of Ulm boasts the second largest solar power production in Germany [1]. Founded in 1976, the worldshop of Ulm is one of the oldest and nowadays largest worldshops in Germany. The world's biggest passive house office building, the so-called Energon, is located in the "Science City" near the university campus.
Ulm is situated at the crossroads of the A8 motorway (connecting the principal cities of Southern Germany, Stuttgart and Munich) and the A7 motorway (one of the main motorways running from Northern to Southern Europe). It is thus in easy reach of both Stuttgart (50 min) and Munich (90 min), whose international airports also serve the Ulm area.
The city's railway station is served, among other lines, by one of the principal European train lines (Paris – Strasbourg – Stuttgart – Ulm – Munich – Vienna – Budapest). Direct connections to Berlin are also available.
Ulm features a good public transportation system, based on several bus lines and a streetcar line. Park and ride is available, as well as parking garages in the city center. Several streets in the old town are restricted to pedestrians and bicycles only.
The public University of Ulm was founded in 1967 and focuses on the sciences, medicine, engineering, and mathematics / economics. With 7246 students in 2005–06, it belongs to the smaller universities in Germany.
Ulm is also the seat of a University of Applied Sciences (German: Fachhochschule), founded in 1960 as a public school of engineering. The school also houses numerous students from the around the world as part of an international study abroad program.
In 1953, Inge Aicher-Scholl, Otl Aicher and Max Bill founded the Hochschule für Gestaltung (HfG Ulm), a design school in the tradition of the Bauhaus, which was however closed again in 1968.
Ulm's public library (Stadtbibliothek Ulm) features over 480,000 print media. The city has a public theater with drama, opera and ballet, several small theaters, and a professional philharmonic orchestra.
| The Danube | ||
|---|---|---|
| Countries: | Germany · Austria · Slovakia · Hungary · Croatia · Serbia · Romania · Bulgaria · Ukraine · Moldova |
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| Cities: | Donaueschingen · Ulm · Ingolstadt · Regensburg · Passau · Linz · Vienna ·
Bratislava · Győr · Komárom · Komárno · Štúrovo ·
Esztergom · Budapest · Baja · Vukovar · Ilok ·
Bačka Palanka · Novi Sad · Belgrade · Smederevo · Drobeta-Turnu Severin · Calafat · Vidin · Bechet · Corabia ·
Giurgiu · Rousse · Cernavodă · Brăila · |
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| Tributaries (list): | Iller · Lech · Regen · Isar · Inn · Morava · Váh · Hron · Ipeľ · Drava · Tisza · Sava · Timiş · Velika Morava · Jiu · Iskar · Olt · Osam · Yantra · Vedea · Argeş · Ialomiţa · Siret · Prut | |
| Urban and rural districts in the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany | |
|---|---|
| Urban districts | Baden-Baden · Freiburg · Heidelberg · Heilbronn · Karlsruhe · Mannheim · Pforzheim · Stuttgart · Ulm |
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