Virginia

Commonwealth of Virginia
Flag Seal Nickname(s): Old Dominion; Mother of Presidents Motto(s): Sic semper tyrannis (Latin)[1] before statehood, known as the Colony of Virginia
Official language(s)	English
Spoken language(s)	English 94.6%, Spanish 5.9%
Demonym	Virginian
Capital	Richmond
Largest city	Virginia Beach
Largest metro area	Northern Virginia
Area	Ranked 35th in the US
- Total	42,774 sq mi (110,785 km²)
- Width	200 miles (320 km)
- Length	430 miles (690 km)
- % water	7.4
- Latitude	36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ N
- Longitude	75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ W
Population	Ranked 12th in the US
- Total	7,769,089 (2008 est.)[2]
- Density	193/sq mi  (75/km²) Ranked 14th in the US
- Median income	$59,562[3] (9th)
Elevation
- Highest point	Mount Rogers[4] 5,729 ft  (1,747 m)
- Mean	950 ft  (290 m)
- Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean[4] 0 ft  (0 m)
Admission to Union	June 25, 1788 (10th)
Governor	Timothy M. Kaine (D)
Lieutenant Governor	Bill Bolling (R)
U.S. Senators	Jim Webb (D) Mark Warner (D)
U.S. House delegation	6 Democrats, 5 Republicans (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC-5/-4
Abbreviations	VA US-VA
Website	www.virginia.gov

The Commonwealth of Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪnjə/ ) is an American state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. The state is known as the "Old Dominion" and sometimes as "Mother of Presidents", because it is the birthplace of eight U.S. presidents. The geography of the state is shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, home to much of the state's flora and fauna. The capital of the commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The state population is nearly eight million.^[5]

The history of Virginia begins with the founding of the Virginia Colony in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London as the first permanent New World English colony. Land from displaced Native American tribes, including the Powhatan, and slavery each played significant roles in Virginia's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the Thirteen Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which the state of West Virginia separated. Although traditionally conservative and historically part of the South, modern Virginia is a politically competitive state for both major national parties.^[6]

Virginia's economy has several sectors: agriculture in areas such as the Shenandoah Valley; federal agencies in Northern Virginia, such as The Pentagon; and military bases in Hampton Roads, home to the region's main seaport. The growth of the media and technology sectors have made computer chips the state's leading export, with the industry based on the strength of Virginia's public schools and universities.^[7]

Geography

Virginia has an area of 42,774 square miles (110,784 km²) making it the thirty-fifth largest state by area.^[8] Virginia is bordered by Maryland and the Washington, D.C. to the north and east; the Atlantic Ocean to the east; by North Carolina and Tennessee to the south; by Kentucky to the west and by West Virginia to the north and west. Due to a peculiarity of Virginia's original charter, its boundary with Maryland and Washington, D.C. does not extend past the low-water mark of the southern shore of the Potomac River.^[9] The southern border is defined as the 36°30' parallel north, though surveyor error has led to historic deviations.^[10]

Geology and terrain

Virginia is divided into five geographic regions.

The Chesapeake Bay separates most of the contiguous portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginia's Eastern Shore. Many of Virginia's rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, James, and York.^[11] These form three peninsulas into the Chesapeake.^[12] Geographically and geologically, Virginia is divided into five regions from east to west: Tidewater, Piedmont, Blue Ridge Mountains, Ridge and Valley, and Cumberland Plateau.^[13]

The Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries which enter the Chesapeake Bay. The Piedmont are a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic. The region includes the Southwest Mountains.^[14] The Blue Ridge are a physiographic province of the chain of Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state, including Mount Rogers at 5,729 feet (1,746 m).^[4] The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains, and includes the Great Appalachian Valley. The region is carbonate rock based, and includes Massanutten Mountain.^[15] The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the south-west corner of Virginia, below the Allegheny Plateau. In this region rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin.^[16]

The Virginia seismic zone has not had a history of regular activity. Earthquakes are rarely above 4.5 on the Richter magnitude scale because Virginia is located centrally on the North American Plate. The largest earthquake, at an estimated 5.9 magnitude, was in 1897 in Blacksburg.^[17] Besides coal, resources such as slate, kyanite, and sand and gravel are mined, with an annual value over $2 billion.^[18]

Climate

The climate of Virginia varies according to location. Most of the state east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, as well as the southern part of the Shenandoah Valley, to the Atlantic coast has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). This climate becomes increasingly warmer farther south and east in the state. In areas west of the Blue Ridge, the climate becomes a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification dfa).^[20] Seasonally, Virginia experiences seasonal extremes, from average lows of 26 °F (−3.3 °C) in January to average highs of 86 °F (30 °C) in July. The moderating influence of the ocean from the east, powered by the Gulf Stream has a strong affect on the southeastern coastal areas of the state. It also creates the potential for hurricanes near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, making the coastal area vulnerable.^[19] Although Hurricane Gaston in 2004 inundated Richmond, and Isabel in 2003 caused flash flooding the mountains, hurricanes rarely threaten communities far inland.^[21][22]

Thunderstorms are a regular occurrence, and the state has an average of thirty-five to forty-five days of thunderstorm activity annually, with an average annual precipitation of 42.7 inches (108.5 cm).^[19][23] Additionally, the western part of the state experiences more thunderstorms.^[23] Cold air masses arriving over the mountains, especially in winter, can lead to significant snowfalls in those regions, such as the Blizzard of 1996. The interaction of these elements with the state's topography creates distinct microclimates in the Shenandoah Valley, the mountainous southwest, and the coastal plains.^[24] Virginia averages seven tornadoes annually, though most are F2 and lower on the Fujita scale.^[25]

In recent years, the expansion of the southern suburbs of Washington into Northern Virginia has introduced an urban heat island primarily caused by increased absorption of solar radiation in more densely populated areas.^[26] In the American Lung Association's 2009 report, fifteen counties received failing grades for air quality, with Fairfax County having the worst in the state due to automobile pollution.^[27][28] Haze in the mountains is caused in part by coal power plants.^[29]

Flora and fauna

Forests cover sixty-five percent of the state.^[30] Lower altitudes are more likely to have small but dense stands of moisture-loving hemlocks and mosses in abundance. Other commonly found trees and plants include oak, hickory, chestnut, maple, tulip poplar, mountain laurel, milkweed, daisies, and many species of ferns. Since the early 1990s, Gypsy moth infestations have eroded the dominance of the oak forests.^[31] The deciduous and evergreen trees emit hydrocarbons which give the mountains their distinct blue haze.^[32]

White-tailed deer at Tanner Ridge Overlook in Shenandoah National Park

Mammals include White-tailed Deer, black bear, beaver, bobcat, coyote, raccoon, skunk, opossum, groundhog, gray fox, and eastern cottontail rabbit.^[33] Birds include cardinals, barred owls, Carolina chickadees, Red-tailed Hawks, and Wild Turkeys. The Peregrine Falcon was reintroduced into Shenandoah National Park in the mid-1990s.^[34] Freshwater fish include walleye, brook trout, Roanoke bass, and blue catfish.^[35] Running brooks with rocky bottoms are often inhabited by a plentiful amount of crayfish. The Chesapeake Bay is home to many species, including blue crabs, clams, oysters, and rockfish, also known as striped bass.^[36]

Virginia has many National Park Service units, including one national park, the Shenandoah National Park. Shenandoah was established in 1935 and encompasses the scenic Skyline Drive. Almost forty percent of the park's area (79,579 acres/322 km²) has been designated as Wilderness and is protected as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System.^[37] Thirty parks and trails, such as Great Falls Park and Prince William Forest Park, are managed in the National Park System.^[38] Additionally, there are thirty-four Virginia state parks, run by the Department of Conservation and Recreation and the Department of Forestry.^[39] The Chesapeake Bay, while not a national park, is protected by both state and federal legislation, and the jointly run Chesapeake Bay Program which conducts restoration on the bay and its watershed. The Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge extends into North Carolina.^[40]

History

A 19th century depiction of Pocahontas, of the Powhatan tribe, an ancestor of many of the First Families of Virginia

Jamestown 2007 marked Virginia's quadricentennial year, celebrating four hundred years since the establishment of the Jamestown Colony. Over the centuries Virginia has been at the front of warfare from the American Revolution and the Civil War to the Cold War and the War on Terrorism.^[41] The far-reaching social changes of the mid- to late-20th century were expressed by broad-based celebrations marking contributions of three cultures to the state: Native American, European and African.^[42]

Colony

The first people arrived in Virginia about 5,000 years ago, and farming began there by 900. By 1500 the Virginia Algonquians had founded towns in the Tidewater region, which they referred to as Tsenacommacah. The other major groups in the area were the Siouan to the west, and the Iroquois, who included the Nottoway and Meherrin, to the north and south. After 1570, the Algonquians consolidated under Chief Powhatan in response to threats from these other groups on their trade network.^[32] In 1607, the native Tidewater population was between 13,000 to 14,000.^[43] Powhatan controlled more than thirty smaller tribes and over 150 settlements, which used a common Virginia Algonquian language.^[44]

In 1583, Queen Elizabeth I of England granted Sir Walter Raleigh a charter to explore and plant a colony to the north of Florida.^[45] In 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh sent an expedition to the Atlantic coast of North America. The name "Virginia" may have been suggested by Raleigh or Elizabeth, perhaps noting her status as the "Virgin Queen," and may also be related to a native phrase, "Wingandacoa", or name, "Wingina".^[46] Initially the name applied to the entire coastal region from South Carolina to Maine, plus the island of Bermuda. The London Company was incorporated as a joint stock company by the proprietary Charter of 1606, which granted land rights to this area.^[47] The Company financed the first permanent English settlement in the New World. Jamestown, named for King James I, was founded in May 1607 by Captains Christopher Newport and John Smith. In 1609 many colonists died during the "starving time" after the loss of the Third Supply's flagship, the Sea Venture.^[48]

Williamsburg was the capital from 1699 to 1780.

In 1619 the colony established the House of Burgesses as its elected governance, though in 1624 the colony was transferred from the bankrupt London Company to royal authority as a crown colony.^[49] African workers were first imported in 1619, and slavery was codified in 1661.^[50][51] After 1618 the headright system led to more indentured servants from Europe.^[52] In this system, settlers received land for each servant they transported.^[53] During this early period Virginia's population grew with the introduction of settlers and servants into the burgeoning plantation economy. Colonists appropriated land from Native Americans by force and treaty, including the Treaty of 1677, which made the signatory tribes tributary states. The colonial capital was moved in 1699 to Williamsburg, where the College of William and Mary had been founded in 1693.^[54]

1851 painting of Patrick Henry's speech before the House of Burgesses on the Virginia Resolves against the Stamp Act of 1765

The House of Burgesses was temporarily dissolved in 1769 by the Royal governor Lord Botetourt, after Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee led speeches on the distresses of the British taxation without representation. In 1773, Henry and Lee formed a committee of correspondence, and in 1774 led delegates to the First Continental Congress.^[55] On May 15, 1776, the Virginia Convention declared independence from the British Empire and adopted the George Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights, which influenced the Declaration of Independence.^[56][57] Then on June 29, 1776, the convention enacted a constitution that formally declared Virginia as an independent commonwealth.^[32]

During the American Revolutionary War, the capital was moved to Richmond at the urging of Governor Thomas Jefferson, fearing Williamsburg's location made it vulnerable to British attack.^[58] In 1781, the combined action of Continental and French land and naval forces trapped the British on the Yorktown peninsula, where troops under George Washington and French Comte de Rochambeau defeated British General Cornwallis in the Battle of Yorktown. The British surrender on October 19, 1781 so shifted British public opinion that it led to the end of major hostilities and secured the independence of the colonies.^[59]

Statehood

Virginians were instrumental in writing the United States Constitution. James Madison drafted the Virginia Plan in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1789. Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788. The three-fifths compromise ensured that Virginia initially had the largest bloc in the House of Representatives, which with the Virginia dynasty of presidents gave the commonwealth national importance. In 1790, both Virginia and Maryland ceded territory to form the new District of Columbia, though in 1847 the Virginian area was retroceded.^[48] Virginia is sometimes called "Mother of States" because of its role in being carved into several mid-western states.^[60]

Richmond was the capital of the Confederate States of America.

In addition to agriculture, slave labor was increasingly used in mining, shipbuilding and other industries.^[61] After the Revolutionary War, the free black population increased, creating thriving communities in Petersburg and Richmond. Numerous individual manumissions were inspired by Quaker abolitionists and the revolution's principles.^[62] Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831 and John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 showed deep social discontent about slavery and its role in the plantation economy. By 1860, almost half a million people, roughly thirty-one percent of the total population of Virginia, were enslaved.^[63] This division contributed to the start of the American Civil War.

The Civil War and aftermath

Virginia declared its secession from the United States on April 17, 1861, after the Battle of Fort Sumter and Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers. In June 1861, Virginia joined the rebel Confederate States of America, which chose Richmond as its capital. In 1863 forty-eight counties in the northwest separated to form a new state of West Virginia, which chose to remain loyal to the Union. During the war, more battles were fought in Virginia than anywhere else, including Bull Run, the Seven Days Battles, Chancellorsville, and the concluding Battle of Appomattox Courthouse. After the capture of Richmond, the capitol was briefly moved to Danville, Virginia. Virginia was formally restored to the United States in 1870, due to the work of the Committee of Nine.

During the post-war Reconstruction era, Virginia adopted a constitution which provided for free public schools, and guaranteed political, civil, and voting rights.^[64] The populist Readjuster Party ran an inclusive coalition until the conservative white Democratic Party gained power after 1883.^[65] It passed segregationist Jim Crow laws and in 1902 rewrote the Constitution of Virginia to include a poll tax and other voter registration measures that effectively disfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites.^[66] Despite underfunding for segregated schools and services and a lack of political representation, African Americans still created vibrant communities and made progress.

Modern times

The Virginia Civil Rights Memorial was erected in 2008 to commemorate the protests which led to school desegregation.

Protests started by Barbara Rose Johns in 1951 in Farmville against segregated schools led to the lawsuit Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County. This case, filled by Richmond natives Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill, was decided in 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education, which rejected the segregationist doctrine of "separate but equal." However in 1958, under the policy of "massive resistance" spearheaded by the powerful segregationist Senator Harry F. Byrd, the state prohibited desegregated local schools from receiving funding.^[67]

The Civil Rights Movement gained many participants in the 1960s and achieved the moral force to gain national legislation for protection of suffrage and civil rights for African Americans. In 1964 the United States Supreme Court ordered Prince Edward County and others to integrate schools.^[68] From 1969 to 1971, state legislators under Governor Mills Godwin rewrote the constitution, after goals such as the repeal of Jim Crow laws had been achieved. In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected as governor in the United States.^[32]

New economic forces also changed the commonwealth. In 1926, Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin, rector of Williamsburg's Bruton Parish Church, began restoration of colonial-era buildings in the historic district with financial backing of John D. Rockefeller Jr.. Their work led to the development of Colonial Williamsburg, the state's most popular tourism site.^[69] World War II and the Cold War led to massive expansion of national government programs housed in offices in northern Virginia near Washington, including The Pentagon, which was later targeted in the September 11, 2001 attacks. In that attack, one hundred and eighty-five people died. In 2007 a disturbed student at Virginia Tech murdered thirty-two students and professors before committing suicide.

Cities and towns

The population of the Richmond metropolitan area is over 1.2 million.

Virginia is divided into counties and independent cities, which both operate the same way since independent cities considered to be county-equivalent.^[70] This method of treating cities and counties equally is unique to Virginia, with only three other independent cities in the United States outside Virginia. Incorporated towns exist and operate under their own town governments, but are also part of one of the ninety-five counties in Virginia. There are also hundreds of other unincorporated communities within the counties. Virginia does not have any further political subdivisions, such as villages or townships.

Virginia has eleven Metropolitan Statistical Areas; Northern Virginia, Hampton Roads, and Richmond-Petersburg are the three most populated. Richmond, the capital of Virginia, and its metropolitan area have a population of over 1.2 million people.^[71] As of 2006, Virginia Beach is the most populous city in the commonwealth, with Norfolk and Chesapeake second and third, respectively.^[72] Norfolk forms the urban core of this metropolitan area, which is home to over 1.6 million people and the world's largest naval base, Naval Station Norfolk.^[71][73] Suffolk, which includes a portion of the Great Dismal Swamp, is the largest city by area at 429.1 square miles (1,111 km²).^[74]

Although it is not incorporated as a city, Fairfax County is the most populous locality in Virginia, with over one million residents.^[75] Fairfax has a major urban business and shopping center in Tysons Corner, Virginia's largest office market.^[76] Neighboring Loudoun County, with the county seat at Leesburg, is both the fastest-growing county in the United States and has the highest median household income as of 2007.^[77][78] Arlington County, the smallest self-governing county in the United States by land area, is an urban community organized as a county.^[79] Roanoke, with a population of 292,983, is the largest Metropolitan Statistical Area in western Virginia.^[80]

Demographics

Virginia population density map as of 2000

As of 2007, Virginia had an estimated population of 7,712,091 which is an increase of 69,213, or just under one percent, from the prior year and an increase of 633,067, or nine percent, since the year 2000. This includes an increase from net migration of 276,292 people into the commonwealth. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 151,748 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 124,544 people.^[5] The center of population is located in Goochland County outside of Richmond.^[81]

English was passed as the commonwealth's official language by statutes in 1981 and again in 1996, though the status is not mandated by the Constitution of Virginia.^[82] English is the only language spoken by 6,245,517 (86.7%) Virginians, though it is spoken "very well" by an additional 570,638 (7.9%) for a total of 94.6% of the Commonwealth which speaks English. Spanish has the most speakers of other languages, with 424,381 (5.9%). 226,911 (3.2%) speak Asian and Pacific Islander languages, including Vietnamese and Filipino.^[83]

Ethnicity

As of 2000, the five largest reported ancestry groups in Virginia are: African (19.6%), German (11.7%), unspecified American (11.4%), English (11.1%), and Irish (9.8%).^[84] Because of more recent immigration in the late 20th century and early 21st century, there are rapidly growing populations of Hispanics, particularly Central Americans, and Asians. As of 2007, 6.5% of Virginians are Hispanic, 5.4% are Asian, and 0.9% are American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.^[5] The Hispanic population of the state tripled from 1990 to 2006, with two-thirds of Hispanics living in Northern Virginia. Hispanics in Virginia have higher median household incomes and educational attainment than the general United States or Virginia population.^[85]

Most African-American Virginians are descendants of enslaved Africans who worked on tobacco, cotton, and hemp plantations. These men and women were brought from west central Africa, primarily from Angola and Igbo areas of the Niger Delta region.^[86][87] The twentieth century Great Migration of blacks from the rural South to the North reduced Virginia's black population; however, in the past forty years there has been a reverse migration of blacks returning to Virginia and the rest of the South.^[88] The western mountains have many settlements founded by Scotch-Irish immigrants before the Revolution.^[89] There are also sizable numbers of people of German descent in the northwestern mountains and Shenandoah Valley. People of English heritage settled throughout the state during the colonial period, and others of British and Irish heritage have migrated there through the decades for work.^[90]

Northern Virginia has the largest Vietnamese population on the East Coast, with about 48,745 Vietnamese statewide as of 2007.^[91] Their major wave of immigration followed the Vietnam War.^[92] Due to their ties to the U.S. Navy, Hampton Roads has a sizable Filipino population, numbering about 45,000 in the area.^[93] Virginia also continues to be home to eight Native American tribes recognized by the state, though all lack federal recognition status. Most Native American groups are located in the Tidewater region.^[94]

Demographics of Virginia (csv) By race White Black AIAN* Asian NHPI* 2000 (total population) 75.70% 20.54% 0.76% 4.32% 0.15% 2000 (Hispanic only) 4.17% 0.42% 0.09% 0.07% 0.02% 2005 (total population) 74.94% 20.65% 0.74% 5.20% 0.16% 2005 (Hispanic only) 5.44% 0.46% 0.10% 0.09% 0.03% Growth 2000–05 (total population) 5.84% 7.49% 4.61% 28.64% 17.09% Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only) 3.87% 7.27% 2.22% 28.47% 15.73% Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only) 39.60% 18.30% 22.10% 38.58% 24.16% * AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander	Top Ancestries by County
		American		English		Irish
		German		African American
	U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation. American Factfinder provides census data and maps.

Religion

Virginia is predominantly Christian and Protestant, while Baptists are the largest single group with twenty-seven percent of the population as of 2008.^[95] Baptist denominational groups in Virginia include the Baptist General Association of Virginia, with about 1,400 member churches, which supports both the Southern Baptist Convention and the moderate Cooperative Baptist Fellowship; and the Southern Baptist Conservatives of Virginia with over five-hundred affiliated churches, which supports the Southern Baptist Convention.^[97][98] Roman Catholics are the second-largest religious group, and the group which grew the most in the 1990s.^[99]

Christ Church in Alexandria was frequented by George Washington and Robert E. Lee.

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Arlington includes most of Northern Virginia's Catholic churches, while the Diocese of Richmond covers the rest. The Virginia Conference is the regional body of the United Methodist Church. The Virginia Synod is responsible for the congregations of the Lutheran Church. The Episcopal Diocese of Virginia, Southern Virginia, and Southwestern Virginia support the various Episcopal churches. In November 2006, fifteen conservative Episcopal churches in the Diocese of Virginia voted to split from the diocese over the issue of sexuality and the ordination of openly gay bishops and clergy; these churches continue to claim affiliation with the larger Anglican Communion through other bodies outside the United States. Virginia law allows parishioners to determine their church's affiliation. The resulting property law case is a test for Episcopal churches nationwide, as the diocese claims the church properties of those congregations that want to secede.^[100]

Presbyterians, Pentecostals, Congregationalists, and Episcopalians each composed between one and three percent of the population as of 2001.^[101] Among other religions, adherents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints constitute 1.1% of the population, with 188 congregations in Virginia as of 2008.^[102] Fairfax Station is home to the Ekoji Buddhist Temple, of the Jodo Shinshu school, and the Hindu Durga Temple. While a small population in terms of the state overall, organized Jewish sites date to 1789 with Congregation Beth Ahabah.^[103] Muslims are a rapidly growing religious group throughout the state through immigration.^[104] Megachurches in the state include Thomas Road Baptist Church, Immanuel Bible Church and McLean Bible Church.^[105]

Economy

Tourism is an important sector of Virginia Beach's economy.

Virginia's economy is well balanced with many diverse sources of income, made up of 4.1 million civilian workers.^[106] One-third of Virginia's jobs are in the service sector.^[8] In 2006, Forbes Magazine named Virginia the best state in the nation for business.^[107] The Gross Domestic Product of Virginia was $383 billion in 2007.^[108] As of 2000, Virginia had the highest number of counties in the top one-hundred wealthiest jurisdictions in the United States based upon median income.^[109] Virginia has eighteen total Fortune 500 companies, ranking the state tenth nationwide.^[110]

Virginia has the highest concentration of technology workers of any state.^[111] Computer chips became the state's highest-grossing export in 2006, surpassing its traditional top exports of coal and tobacco, combined.^[7] Northern Virginia, once considered the state's dairy capital, now hosts software, communication technology, and consulting companies. The Dulles Technology Corridor near Dulles International Airport has a high concentration of Internet, communications and software engineering firms.^[112] Northern Virginia's data centers currently carry more than 50% of the nation's Internet traffic, and by 2012 Dominion Power expects that 10% of all electricity it sends to Northern Virginia will be used by the region's data centers alone.^[113] Fairfax and Loudoun counties in Northern Virginia have the highest and second highest median household income, respectively, of all counties in the United States as of 2006.^[114]

In Southern Virginia from Hampton Roads to Richmond and to Lee County, the economy is based on military installations, and cattle, tobacco and peanut farming. About twenty percent of Virginian jobs are in agriculture, with 47,000 farms, averaging 181 acres (0.28 sq mi; 0.73 km²), in a total farmland area of 8.5 million acres (13,280 sq mi; 34,400 km2).^[115] Tomatoes surpassed soy as the most profitable crop in Virginia in 2006, with peanuts and hay as other agricultural products.^[116] Oysters are an important part of the Chesapeake Bay economy, but declining populations due to disease, pollution, and overfishing have diminished catches.^[117] Wineries and vineyards in the Northern Neck and along the Blue Ridge Mountains also have begun to generate income and attract tourists.^[118]

The Pentagon, the Department of Defense headquarters, is the world's largest office building.^[119]

Many of Northern Virginia's well-educated population work directly for Federal agencies. Many others work for government contractors, including defense and security contractors.^[120] Government agencies headquartered in Northern Virginia include the Central Intelligence Agency and the Department of Defense, as well as the National Science Foundation, the United States Geological Survey and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The Hampton Roads area has the largest concentration of military bases and facilities of any metropolitan area in the world. The largest of the bases is Naval Station Norfolk.^[73] Virginia has more veterans than any other state, with over 800,000, and is second only to Alaska in per capita defense spending.^[121][122]

Virginia collects personal income tax in five income brackets, ranging from 3.0% to 5.75%. The sales and use tax rate is 5%. The tax rate on food is 2.5%. There is an additional 1% local tax, for a total of a 5% combined sales tax on most Virginia purchases and a combined tax rate of 2.5% on food.^[123] Virginia's property tax is set and collected at the local government level and varies throughout the commonwealth. Real estate is taxed at the local level based on one-hundred percent of fair market value. Tangible personal property also is taxed at the local level and is based on a percentage or percentages of original cost.^[124]

Culture

Colonial Virginian culture, language, and style is reenacted in Williamsburg.

Virginia's historic culture was popularized and spread across America and the South by Washington, Jefferson, and Lee, and their homes represent Virginia as the birthplace of America and of the South.^[125] Modern Virginia culture has many heritages, and is largely part of the culture of the Southern United States.^[126] The Smithsonian Institution divides Virginia into nine cultural regions.^[127] The Piedmont region is one of the most famous for its dialect's strong influence on Southern American English. Various accents are also present including the Tidewater accent, the Old Virginia accent, and the anachronistic Elizabethan of Tangier Island, as well as a more homogenized American English in urban areas with a great deal of transplants.^[128][129] Claudia Emerson of Fredericksburg is the current Poet Laureate of Virginia.

Besides the general cuisine of the Southern United States, Virginia maintains its own particular traditions. Virginia wine is made in many parts of the state.^[118] Smithfield ham, sometimes called Virginia ham, is a type of country ham which is protected by state law, and can only be produced in the town of Smithfield.^[130] Virginia furniture and architecture are typical of American colonial architecture. Thomas Jefferson and many of the state's early leaders favored the Neoclassical architecture style, leading to its use for important state buildings. The Pennsylvania Dutch and their style can also be found in parts of the state.^[90]

Fine and performing arts

The Meadow Pavilion is one of the theaters at Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts.

The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities works to improve commonwealth's civic, cultural, and intellectual life.^[131] The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts is a state-funded museum with the largest collection of Fabergé eggs outside of Russia.^[132] The Chrysler Museum of Art is home to many pieces, stemming from the Chrysler family collection, including the final sculpture of Gian Lorenzo Bernini.^[133] Other museums include the popular Science Museum of Virginia, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum, the Frontier Culture Museum, and the Mariners' Museum.^[40] Besides these sites, many open air museums and battlefields are located in the state, such as Colonial Williamsburg, Richmond National Battlefield, and Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park.^[134]

Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts is located in Vienna and is the only national park intended for use as a performing arts center. Wolf Trap hosts the Wolf Trap Opera Company, which produces an opera festival every summer.^[135] The Harrison Opera House in Norfolk is home to the official Virginia Opera. The Virginia Symphony Orchestra is based in Hampton Roads. The American Shakespeare Center is located in Staunton, and home to resident and touring theater troupes. Other notable theaters include the Ferguson Center for the Arts, the Barter Theatre, and the Landmark Theater. Virginia has launched many award-winning traditional music artists as well as internationally successful popular music acts. Notable performance venues include The Birchmere, Nissan Pavilion, the Norva Theatre, the Patriot Center, and the Verizon Wireless Virginia Beach Amphitheater.^[134]

Festivals

The annual Chincoteague Pony Swim features over two-hundred wild ponies swimming across the Assateague Channel into Chincoteague.

Many counties and localities host county fairs and festivals. The Virginia State Fair is held at the Richmond International Raceway every September. The September Neptune Festival in Virginia Beach celebrates the city, the waterfront, and regional artists. Norfolk's Harborfest, in June, features boat racing and air shows.^[136] Fairfax County also sponsors Celebrate Fairfax! with popular and traditional music performances.^[137] The Virginia Lake Festival is held during the third weekend in July in Clarksville.^[138] Other food festivals are held around the state.

On the Eastern Shore island of Chincoteague the annual Pony Swim & Auction of feral Chincoteague ponies at the end of July is a unique local tradition expanded into a week-long carnival. The Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival is a six-day festival held annually in Winchester that includes parades and bluegrass concerts.^[136] From 2005 to 2007, Richmond was host of the National Folk Festival. The Northern Virginia Fine Arts Festival is held on a May weekend in Reston.^[139]

Two important film festivals, the Virginia Film Festival and the VCU French Film Festival, are held annually in Charlottesville and Richmond, respectively.^[136] Annual fan conventions in the commonwealth include Anime USA, the national anime convention held in Crystal City, Anime Mid-Atlantic held in various cities, Magfest music and gaming festival, and RavenCon science fiction convention in Richmond.^[140] The Old Time Fiddlers' Convention in Galax, begun in 1935, is one of the oldest and largest such events worldwide.^[136]

Media

McLean is home to the headquarters of USA Today, the nation's most circulated newspaper.

The Hampton Roads area is the forty-second largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research, while the Richmond-Petersburg area is sixtieth and Roanoke-Lynchburg is sixty-eighth.^[141] There are twenty-one television stations in Virginia, representing each major U.S. network, part of forty-two stations which serve Virginia viewers.^[142] Over eight-hundred FCC-licensed FM radio stations broadcast in Virginia, with over three-hundred such AM stations.^[143][144] The nationally available Public Broadcasting Service, abbreviated as PBS, is headquartered in Arlington. The locally focused Commonwealth Public Broadcasting Corporation, a non-profit corporation which owns public TV and radio stations, has offices around the state.^[145]

Major newspapers in the commonwealth include the Richmond Times-Dispatch, The Virginian-Pilot, based in Norfolk, The Roanoke Times and the Daily Press based in Newport News. The Times-Dispatch has a daily subscription of 186,441, slightly more than the Pilot at 183,024, fiftieth and fifty-second in the nation respectively, while the Roanoke Times has about 90,557 daily subscribers.^[146][147] Several Washington, D.C. papers are based in Northern Virginia, such as The Washington Examiner and The Politico. The nation's widest circulated paper, USA Today, is headquartered in McLean.^[148] The Arlington based Freedom Forum is an organization dedicated to free press and journalistic free speech.^[149] Besides traditional forms of media, Virginia is home to telecommunication companies such as Sprint Nextel and XO Communications.

Education

Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology has been ranked as the top public high school in the United States.

Virginia's educational system consistently ranks in the top ten states on the U.S. Department of Education's National Assessment of Educational Progress, with Virginia students outperforming the average in all subject areas and grade levels tested.^[150] The 2009 Quality Counts report ranked Virginia's K-12 education fourth best in the country.^[151] All school divisions must adhere to educational standards set forth by the Virginia Department of Education, which maintains an assessment and accreditation regime known as the Standards of Learning to ensure accountability.^[152] In 2008, eighty-one percent of high school students graduated on-time after four years.^[153] The Virginia Council for Private Education oversees the regulation of 294 state accredited and 141 non-accredited private schools.^[154]

Public K-12 schools in Virginia are generally operated by the counties and cities, and not by the state. As of Fall 2007, a total of 1,232,436 students were enrolled in 1,863 local and regional schools in the commonwealth, including three charter schools, and an additional 104 alternative and special education centers across 134 school divisions.^[155][156] Besides the general public schools in Virginia, there are Governor's Schools and selective magnet schools. The Governor's Schools are a collection of more than forty regional selective magnet high schools and summer programs intended for gifted students.^[157]

The University of Virginia, a World Heritage Site, was founded by President Thomas Jefferson.^[158]

Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, which requires an application, is ranked as the best public high school in the nation according to U.S. News & World Report. Other Virginia public high schools rated in the top one-hundred include McLean, Langley, and Woodson in Fairfax, George Mason in Falls Church, Clarke County, and H-B Woodlawn and Yorktown in Arlington.^[159][160] Northern Virginia schools also pay the test fees for students to take Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate exams, and Alexandria and Arlington lead the nation in college course tests.^[161]

As of 2008, there are 161 colleges and universities in Virginia.^[162] In the U.S. News and World Report ranking of public colleges, the University of Virginia is second, and the College of William and Mary is sixth.^[163][164] James Madison University has been the number one public master's university in The South since 1993.^[165] The Virginia Military Institute is the oldest state military college and a top ranked public liberal arts college.^[166][167] Virginia Commonwealth University is the largest university in Virginia with over 30,000 students, followed closely by George Mason University.^[168] Virginia Tech and Virginia State University are the state's land-grant universities. Virginia also operates twenty-three community colleges on forty campuses serving over 240,000 students.^[169] There are 114 private institutions.^[162]

Health

Bon Secours St. Mary's Hospital in Richmond

Virginia has a mixed health record, and is ranked as the twentieth overall healthiest state according to the 2008 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings. Virginia ranks twenty-first among the states in the rate of premature deaths, 7,104 per 100,000. There are also racial and social health disparities, with African Americans experiencing sixty-three percent more premature deaths than whites, while 14.1% of Virginians lack any health insurance.^[170] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2007 survey, 25.3% of Virginians are obese and another 36.6% are overweight, and only 78.4% of residents exercise regularly.^[171][172] Additionally, thirty percent of Virginia's ten- to seventeen-year-olds overweight or obese.^[173]

There are eighty-five hospitals in Virginia listed with the United States Department of Health and Human Services.^[174] Notable examples include Inova Fairfax Hospital, the largest hospital in the Washington Metropolitan Area, and the Medical College of Virginia, the medical school of Virginia Commonwealth University. The University of Virginia Medical Center, part of the University of Virginia Health System, has the eighth ranked endocrinology specialty in the nation, and the best in the South according to U.S.News & World Report.^[175] Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, part of the Hampton Roads based Sentara Health System, is also nationally ranked, and was the site of the first successful in-vitro fertilization birth.^[176][177] Virginia does have a high number of primary care physicians, with 124 per 10,000, which is the thirteenth highest nationally.^[170] Virginia is one of five states to receive a perfect score in disaster preparedness according to a 2008 report by the Trust for America’s Health. It met or exceeded in criteria such as detecting pathogens and distributing vaccines and medical supplies.^[178]

Transportation

Virginia is home to many shortline railroads such as the Buckingham Branch Railroad.

As of 2007, the Virginia state government owns and operates 84.6% of roads in the state, instead of the local city or county authority. 57,867 miles (93,128 km) of the total 68,428 miles (110,124 km) are run by the Virginia Department of Transportation, making it the third largest state highway system in the United States.^[179] Virginia's road system is ranked as the sixteenth best in the nation.^[180] While the Washington Metropolitan Area has the second worst traffic in the nation, Virginia as a whole has the twenty-first lowest congestion and the average commute time is 26.9 minutes.^[181][182] With low disbursements for both roads and bridges, and a low road fatality rate, Virginia has a good system with a tight budget.^[180]

Virginia has Amtrak passenger rail service along several corridors, and Virginia Railway Express maintains two commuter lines into Washington, D.C. from Fredericksburg and Manassas. The Washington Metro rapid transit system serves Northern Virginia as far west as Fairfax County, although expansion plans call for Metro to reach Dulles Airport in Loudoun County by 2015.^[183] Commuter buses include the Fairfax Connector and the Shenandoah Valley Commuter Bus. The Virginia Department of Transportation operates several free ferries throughout Virginia, the most notable being the Jamestown-Scotland ferry which crosses the James River in Surry County.^[184]

Virginia has five major airports: Washington Dulles International, Reagan Washington National, Richmond International, Norfolk International and Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport. Sixty-six public airports serve the state's aviation needs.^[185] The Virginia Port Authority's main seaports are those in Hampton Roads, which carried 17,726,251 short tons (16,080,984 t) of bulk cargo in 2007, the sixth most of United States ports.^[186] Northern Virginia company Space Adventures is currently the only company in the world offering space tourism.^[187]

Law and government

The Virginia State Capitol, designed by Thomas Jefferson and begun by Governor Patrick Henry in 1785, is home to the Virginia General Assembly.

In colonial Virginia, free men elected the lower house of the legislature, called the House of Burgesses, which together with the Governor's Council, made the "General Assembly." Founded in 1619, the Virginia General Assembly is still in existence as the oldest legislature in the Western Hemisphere.^[50] The modern government is ranked with an "A-", the highest grade in the nation, by the Pew Center on the States, an honor it shares with two others.^[188]

Virginia functions under the 1971 Constitution of Virginia, the commonwealth's seventh constitution, which provides for a strong legislature and a unified judicial system. Similar to the federal structure, the government is divided in three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch is the General Assembly, a bicameral body whose one-hundred member House of Delegates and forty member Senate write the laws for the commonwealth. The Assembly is stronger than the executive, as incumbent governors cannot run for re-election, and the General Assembly selects judges and justices.^[189] The current governor is Tim Kaine. Other members of the executive branch include the Lieutenant Governor and the Attorney General. The Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General can run for reelection.The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court of Virginia, the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the General District Courts and the Circuit Courts.^[190]

The Code of Virginia is the statutory law, and consists of the codified legislation of the General Assembly. The Virginia State Police is the largest law enforcement agency in Virginia. The Virginia Capitol Police are the oldest police department in the United States.^[191] The Virginia National Guard consists of 7,500 soldiers in the Virginia Army National Guard and 1,200 airmen in the Virginia Air National Guard.^[192] The "total crime risk" is twenty-nine percent lower than the national average.^[193] However in 2006, Virginia saw 341 race related hate crimes, the sixth-highest total nationwide.^[194] Since the 1982 resumption of capital punishment in Virginia, 103 people have been executed, second most in the nation.^[195]

Politics

Senator Jim Webb speaks at a Richmond rally with President Barack Obama, former Governor Douglas Wilder, Senator Mark Warner, Governor Tim Kaine and others.

In the last century Virginia has shifted from a largely rural, politically Southern and conservative state to a more urbanized, pluralistic, and politically moderate environment. Since the 1970s, Virginia has moved away from a racially divided single-party state.^[196] African Americans were effectively disfranchised until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s.^[197] Enfranchisement and immigration of other groups, especially Hispanics, have placed growing importance on minority voting.^[198] Regional differences play a large part in Virginia politics.^[199] Rural southern and western areas moved to support the Republican Party in response to their "southern strategy" while politically moderate urban and growing suburban areas, including Northern Virginia, are the Democratic Party base.^[200][201] Portions of Southwest Virginia influenced by unionized coal mines, college towns such as Charlottesville and Blacksburg, and southeastern counties in the Black Belt Region have remained more likely to vote Democratic.^[202][203]

Political party strength in Virginia has also been in flux. While Virginia's Governor Tim Kaine is a Democrat, Lieutenant Governor Bill Bolling is a Republican, and Republican Robert McDonnell became Attorney General by 360 votes following a legally mandated recount of ballots for that race in 2005.^[204] In the 2007 state elections, the Democrats regained control of the State Senate, and narrowed the Republican majority in the House of Delegates to eight votes.^[205] Elections in 2009 will choose the next state executives and the House of Delegates. State election seasons traditionally start with the annual Shad Planking event in Wakefield.^[206]

In federal elections since 2006, Democrats have seen a number of success. In the 2006 Senate election, Democrat Jim Webb was elected on a populist platform over the incumbent Republican following a very close race.^[207] Former Governor Mark Warner, also a Democrat, replaced retiring Senator John Warner beginning in the 111th Congress.^[208] Of the state's eleven seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, Democrats hold six and Republicans hold five.^[209] Virginia voted for Democrat Barack Obama in 2008, after backing Republican candidates for the previous ten presidential elections.^[210] Virginia may be considered a "swing state" for future presidential elections.^[6]

Sports

The Virginia Tech Hokies football team has the third longest bowl game streak in the nation.^[211]

Virginia is the most populous U.S. state without a major professional sports league franchise.^[212] The reasons for this include the lack of any dominant city or market within the state and the proximity of teams in Washington, D.C. Virginia is home to many minor league clubs, especially in baseball and soccer. Additionally, the Washington Redskins have Redskins Park, their headquarters and training facility, in Ashburn and the Washington Capitals train at Kettler Capitals Iceplex in Ballston.^[213] Virginia has many professional caliber golf courses including the Greg Norman course at Lansdowne Resort and Kingsmill Resort, home of the Michelob ULTRA Open. Virginia is home to two NASCAR tracks currently on the Sprint Cup schedule, Martinsville Speedway and Richmond International Raceway. Current Virginia drivers in the series include Jeff Burton, Denny Hamlin, and Elliot Sadler.^[214]

The Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles also have followings due to their proximity to the state, and both are broadcast in the state on MASN.^[215] When the New York Mets ended their long affiliation with the Norfolk Tides in 2007, the Orioles adopted the minor league club as their top level (AAA) minor league affiliate.^[216] Additionally, the Nationals, Orioles, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Red Sox, Seattle Mariners, Chicago White Sox, and Atlanta Braves also have Single-A and Rookie-level farm teams in Virginia. From 1966 until 2008, Atlanta's AAA franchise was the Richmond Braves.^[217] However, the capital is now one of the largest markets in the country without any form of professional baseball.

Virginia does not allow state appropriated funds to be used for either operational or capital expenses for intercollegiate athletics.^[218] Despite this, both the University of Virginia Cavaliers and Virginia Tech Hokies have been able to field competitive teams in the Atlantic Coast Conference and maintain modern facilities. Their rivalry is followed statewide. Several other universities compete in NCAA Division I, particularly in the Colonial Athletic Association. Three historically black schools compete in the Division II Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association, and two others compete in Division I MEAC. Several smaller schools compete in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference and the USA South Athletic Conference of NCAA Division III. The NCAA currently holds its Division III championships in football, men's basketball, volleyball and softball in Salem.^[219]

State symbols

The Virginia welcome sign on State Route 32 employs the state bird, the cardinal, and the state tree and flower, the dogwood.

The state nickname is the oldest symbol, though it has never been made official by law. Virginia was given the title, "Dominion", by King Charles II of England at the time of The Restoration, because it had remained loyal to the crown during the English Civil War, and the present moniker, "Old Dominion" is a reference to that title.^[220] The other nickname, "Mother of Presidents," is also historic, as eight Virginians have served as President of the United States, including four of the first five: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Zachary Taylor, and Woodrow Wilson. Additionally, Sam Houston, president of the Republic of Texas, Jefferson Davis, the only president of the Confederacy, and Joseph Jenkins Roberts, the first president of Liberia were from Virginia.

The state's motto translates from Latin as "Thus Always To Tyrants," and is used on the state seal. While the seal was designed in 1776, and the flag was first used in the 1830s, both were made official in 1930.^[1] The majority of the other symbols were made official in the late 20th century.^[221] The Virginia reel is among the square dances classified as the state dance.^[13] Virginia currently has no state song. In 1940, Virginia made "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" the state song, but it was retired in 1997 and reclassified as the state song emeritus.^[222] Various alternatives, including a version of "Oh Shenandoah," have met with resistance in the Virginia House of Delegates.^[223]

See also

Virginia portal

• Index of Virginia-related articles

References