whistle

v., -tled, -tling, -tles.

v.intr.

1. To produce a clear musical sound by forcing air through the teeth or through an aperture formed by pursing the lips.
2. To produce a clear, shrill, sharp musical sound by blowing on or through a device.
3. 1. To produce a high-pitched sound when moving swiftly through the air: The stone whistled past my head.
   2. To produce a high-pitched sound by the rapid movement of air through an opening or past an obstruction: Wind whistled through the cracks in the windows.
4. To emit a shrill, sharp, high-pitched cry, as some birds and other animals.

v.tr.

1. To produce by whistling: whistle a tune.
2. To summon, signal, or direct by whistling.
3. To cause to move with a whistling noise.

n.

1. 1. A small wind instrument for making whistling sounds by means of the breath.
   2. A device for making whistling sounds by means of forced air or steam: a factory whistle.
2. A sound produced by a whistling device or by whistling through the lips.
3. A whistling sound, as of an animal or a projectile.
4. The act of whistling.
5. A whistling sound used to summon or command.

idioms:

blow the whistle Slang.

1. To expose a wrongdoing in the hope of bringing it to a halt: an attorney who blew the whistle on governmental corruption.

whistle in the dark

1. To attempt to keep one's courage up.

[Middle English whistlen, from Old English hwistlian.]

Background

A whistle is a simple device that produces sound when air is forced through an opening. Their loud, attention-getting blast makes whistles essential for police officers and sports referees. They can save lives when used by lifeguards, lost campers, or crime victims. Innumerable organizers and leaders, ranging from teachers to drum majors, use them to focus attention and demonstrate authority.

In addition to those blown by humans, mechanically operated whistles serve many purposes. For example, a form of whistle can measure the rate of flow of a fluid in a manufacturing process and even control fluid flow. Whistles can signal the escape of some sort of gas, the ordinary tea kettle being the simplest example. Whistles that are activated when a filter becomes clogged have been designed for a variety of devices including home furnaces, automobile catalytic converters, and hair dryers.

Complex aerodynamics are involved in the operation of a whistle. In the familiar design known as the American police whistle, air blown through the mouthpiece travels down a rectangular tube until it encounters a slot at the top of the whistle. The far edge of the slot slices the airflow into two parts. The top portion is deflected upward in curls like rind being peeled off a fruit, forming swirling vortexes of air. This whirling stream causes vibrations in the air above the slot, generating sound waves. The lower portion of the inflowing air is deflected downward into the barrel-shaped chamber of the whistle, where it swirls around the curved wall until it once again reaches the top. It then pushes up through the slot and reinforces the vibrations being caused by the whirling upper layer of the airstream.

Such a whistle does not need a ball in the chamber to produce an effective sound. However, if a ball is present, it too swirls around inside the chamber, alternately blocking and unblocking part of the exit slot. This action produces a warbling alternation of tone that makes the whistle's sound more attention grabbing.

So-called "pea-less" whistles operate without the presence of a ball in the chamber. Often, they use a combination of chamber shapes to produce multiple tones that make the whistle's sound more audible above other noises such as cheering crowds or howling wind. One such whistle is designed so that the different tones are produced out of phase with one another, alternately canceling and reinforcing each other, to produce a trilling effect.

Various manufacturers claim to produce the "world's loudest whistle." Objective loudness is based on a decibel rating, which can be measured for each whistle; the loudest ones produce sound of about 120 decibels. Subjective evaluations of loudness reflect the fact that certain pitches of sound seem to be louder than others even at the same decibel level. Thus, in a noisy indoor arena a higher-pitched whistle might appear to be louder than a lower-pitched whistle that has a slightly higher decibel rating.

History

Whistles made of bone or wood have been used for thousands of years for spiritual, practical, and entertainment purposes. One of the most distinctive whistles is the boatswain's pipe used aboard naval vessels to issue commands and salute dignitaries. It has evolved from pipes used in ancient Greece and Rome to keep the stroke of galley slaves. A medieval version was used during the Crusades to assemble English crossbow men on deck for an attack. The model currently being produced by the Acme Whistle Company of Birmingham, England, was first manufactured in 1868 by the company's founder, Joseph Hudson.

The modern era of whistle use began in 1878 when a whistle was first blown by a referee during a sporting event. Hudson, a toolmaker who was fascinated with whistles, fashioned a brass instrument that was used in a match at the Nottingham Forest Soccer Club. This device was found to be superior to the usual referee's signal of waving a handkerchief.

In 1883, the London police force made it known that it was seeking an alternative noisemaker to replace the heavy, cumbersome hand rattle the officers had been using. Hudson invented a light, compact whistle that produced two discordant tones that could be heard for more than a mile. It was immediately adopted and the same design is still in use today.

The following year, Hudson invented the "pea whistle." Movement of a small ball enclosed in the whistle's air chamber produces the familiar trilling effect now commonly associated with American police and referee whistles. The pea whistle remains the world's largest-selling type.

Raw Materials

Manufactured whistles are made of either metal or plastic. The only metal whistles manufactured in the United States are made of brass (an alloy of copper and zinc); the fact that they are nickel or chrome plated gives rise to a common misconception that they are made of steel. Brass is used because of the same tone and resonance qualities that make it effective in musical instruments. Because brass is a relatively expensive metal, these whistles sell for about $3.

Despite common terminology, the ball contained in pea whistles is actually made of cork (except for inexpensive, plastic versions). American Whistle Corporation has developed a synthetic cork material that behaves like natural cork in every respect except that it does not absorb any moisture. This helps keep the ball from getting stuck inside the whistle and not swirling freely.

Because metal whistles are hard and subject to temperature fluctuations in very hot or cold weather, rubber mouthpieces are manufactured as an optional accessory. Besides providing a cushioned mouth grip and a reliably comfortable temperature, the accessory also provides a mechanism for adding color to the metal whistle.

Plastic whistles were first manufactured in Britain in 1914, after earlier attempts to produce a satisfactory model from vulcanite (hardened rubber) had failed. This allowed design variations and colors that became popular with consumers. The components of modern plastic whistles may be either glued or ultrasonically welded together.

The Manufacturing
Process

The following process is used to manufacture the type of metal pea whistle that is commonly associated with American military, police, and sports applications.

1. Sheets of brass are unrolled from supply reels and fed into stamping machines. Blanks are die-cut for the whistle's three primary pieces: the rectangular air-input tube, the barrel-shaped chamber, and a fitting for the back of the whistle that will hold a ring to which the user can attach a lanyard (cord). Different grades (hardnesses) of brass are used for the two main functional pieces of the whistle.
2. The pieces pass through a series of stamping dies and presses that perform a progression of cutting and bending operations to form them into the required shapes. The company name (or a customer's custom logo) is stamped onto what will become the top of the whistle.
3. Custom-designed machines hold the three parts of the whistle in position while solder is applied to the joints and the assembly is heated, sealing the parts together.
4. Each whistle is mounted in another machine, where a vibratory sander smooths the exterior surface to a pre-plate finish.
5. A nickel or chrome plating is applied to the exterior of the whistle.
6. The cork ball is inserted in the whistle. A machine compresses the cork and shoots it through the slot on top of the whistle. Once inside, the cork returns to its original shape, making it too large to fall out through the slot.
7. A metal lanyard ring is inserted into the holder on the back of the whistle.
8. Standard whistles are packaged in a plastic bubble attached to a cardboard backing. More expensive versions, suitable for use as gifts or awards, are mounted in a plastic box or a wooden case.

Innovations

With the exception of cosmetic touches like a gold-plated, rose-engraved, cubic zirconia-studded safety whistle for a loved one, the metal whistles manufactured by the American Whistle Corporation have not changed substantially in the past 40 years. Similarly, the Acme Whistle Company's European-style tubular, pea-less police whistle is the same model it has been producing for more than 100 years. The designs are classic.

On the other hand, inventors continue to develop new types of whistles. In 1987, Ron Foxcroft, a Canadian basketball referee, invented a plastic, pea-less whistle that produces a warble much like the traditional referee-style whistle. In 1992, the All-Weather Safety Whistle Company was founded to manufacture and market a whistle invented by Howard Wright, an American dentist; this unusual whistle is designed to work even under water.

U.S. patent applications reveal ingenious adaptations of whistles for a mind-boggling array of applications. Some are developed to meet serious needs, like a device that sounds an alarm tone when there is an insufficient flow of gas in an anaesthetic apparatus. Some serve a practical purpose of less-compelling importance, like a sensor that whistles when a piece of meat has been cooked to the desired doneness. Some are purely entertaining, like a frozen confection with an embedded whistle. And some are multipurpose, like the instant-cooling apparatus for a beverage can that not only chills the contents when activated but also expels a colorful gas while emitting an amusing whistling sound.

Where to Learn More

Periodicals

Chanaud, Robert C. "Aerodynamic Whistles." Scientific American (January 1970): 40-46.

Meeks, Fleming. "Whistle Blower." Forbes (April 12, 1993): 104-105.

Other

American Whistle Corporation. http://www.americanwhistle.com (March 20, 1998).

"The Fox 40 Pea-less Whistle Story." Fox 40 International Inc. http://www.fox40whistle.comlaboutl.htm (March 2, 1998).

"Safety Whistles." All Weather Whistle Company. http://www.9am.com/whistles/index.html (March 25, 1998).

"A Whistle Stop Tour Through More Than 125 Years of Sound Development." Acme Whistle Company. http://www.webxpress.co.uk/acme/history.html (March 25, 1998).

[Article by: Loretta Hall]

Idioms beginning with whistle:
whistle Dixie
whistle for
whistle in the dark

See also blow the whistle on; clean as a whistle; slick as a whistle; wet one's whistle.

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A short, high-pitched flute, either without finger-holes or with no more than one. The addition of a captive pellet or pea gives the familiar sound of the referee's whistle. Whistles of all sorts are known to all cultures from prehistoric times to the present.

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[Ar]

1. Simple musical instrument comprising a hollow tube, often of bone or wood, down which air can be blown; one or more holes in the side of the tube can be covered and uncovered with the fingers to alter the flow of air and thus produce a range of different sounds. When the holes are placed at proportioned intervals, a simple chromatic scale can be produced. Some of the earliest examples known include the hollowed femur of a cave bear with three holes, one in the posterior surface and two in the anterior, from an Upper Palaeolithic context in the Istállóskö Cave, Hungary. It provides a musical range Aⁱⁱⁱ, Bⁱⁱⁱ, Bⁱⁱⁱ, Eⁱⁱⁱ. The basic design involving a hollowed bone provided with holes is represented throughout later prehistory by many examples from findspots scattered widely across Europe.

2. A small tube in which there is a fixed constriction such that when blown a shrill sound is produced. The earliest examples, perhaps decoy whistles, are from Upper Palaeolithic occupation sites in France and parts of central Europe. All are made from reindeer phalanges pierced on one surface.

High-pitched respiratory sound made by forced breathing through a very narrow opening; usually indicative of stenosis of a passage.

IN BRIEF: A device for making high, shrill sounds. Also: A high sound made by blowing air through the lips.

The worst whistlers whistle the most. — Unknown.

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Dansk (Danish)
n. - fløjten, piben, hvislen, piften
v. intr. - fløjte, pibe, hvisle, pifte
v. tr. - fløjte, pibe, hvisle, pifte, fløjt

idioms:

• whistle down the wind    give op
• whistle in the dark    forsøge at holde modet oppe

Nederlands (Dutch)
fluiten, gieren, fluit(je), fluitsignaal

Français (French)
n. - sifflet, sirène, sifflement, coup de sifflet, (Mus) flageolet
v. intr. - siffler, passer en sifflant (train), passer à toute vitesse
v. tr. - siffler (un air), siffloter, appeler, signaler, ou diriger en sifflant, faire bouger avec un sifflement

idioms:

• whistle down the wind    raisonner (qn) en vain
• whistle in the dark    essayer de se donner du courage
• whistle in the wind    parler pour ne rien dire

Deutsch (German)
n. - Pfeifsignal, Pfiff, Pfeifen, Pfeife
v. - pfeifen

idioms:

• whistle down the wind    aufgeben, (Falken) loslassen
• whistle in the dark    seine Angst verdrängen
• whistle in the wind    versuchen etwas zu vermeiden, daß aber nicht zu vermeiden ist

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - σφύριγμα, συριγμός, σφυρίχτρα, κελάηδημα
v. - σφυρίζω

idioms:

• whistle down the wind    μιλάω στο βρόντο, χάνω τα λόγια μου
• whistle in the dark    προσπαθώ με αντιπερισπασμό να ξεπεράσω το φόβο μου

Italiano (Italian)
fischiare, fischio

idioms:

• blow the whistle on    denunciare
• clean as a whistle    pulitissimo
• whistle down the wind    rinunciare
• whistle in the dark    cercare di farsi coraggio

Português (Portuguese)
n. - apito (m)
v. - apitar, chamar

idioms:

• blow the whistle on    expor uma ação incorreta na esperança que ela acabe
• clean as a whistle    de forma clara
• whistle down the wind    tentar parar algo sem sucesso
• whistle in the dark    tentar manter a coragem de alguém

Русский (Russian)
свист, свисток, глотка, горло, свистеть, свистнуть, проноситься со свистом, свистеть в знак одобрения

idioms:

• blow the whistle on    выдать кого-л. полиции, "расколоться", пресечь чьи-л. действия, выступить с разоблачениями
• clean as a whistle    очень чистый, зеркально чистый, как стеклышко, первоклассный, тщательно, очень ловко
• whistle down the wind    махнуть рукой, предоставить самому себе
• whistle in the dark    подбадривать себя свистом в темноте, маскировать страх, проявлять показной оптимизм

Español (Spanish)
n. - pito, silbato, silbido, pitido
v. intr. - silbar, chiflar, pitear, pasar o volar con un sonido silbante
v. tr. - silbar, llamar con un silbido

idioms:

• whistle down the wind    darse por vencido, abandonar, dejar pasar la oportunidad
• whistle in the dark    aparentar no tener miedo
• whistle in the wind    intentar en vano

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - vissling, visselpipa
v. - vissla

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
口哨, 口哨声, 汽笛, 吹口哨, 发嘘嘘声, 鸣汽笛, 用口哨通知, 用口哨演奏

idioms:

• whistle down the wind    放弃, 白费口舌, 诽谤
• whistle in the dark    给自己壮胆

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 口哨, 口哨聲, 汽笛
v. intr. - 吹口哨, 發噓噓聲, 鳴汽笛
v. tr. - 用口哨通知, 用口哨演奏

idioms:

• whistle down the wind    放棄, 白費口舌, 誹謗
• whistle in the dark    給自己壯膽

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 휘파람, 경적, 목구멍
v. intr. - 휘파람을 불다, 삐하고 소리를 내다, 고자질하다
v. tr. - 휘파람으로 부르다, 쌩하고 날리다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 口笛, 警笛, 笛, ホイッスル, ヒューという音, さえずり
v. - 口笛を吹く, 口笛で合図する, 口笛で吹く, ヒューと鳴る, ヒューと飛ぶ

idioms:

• whistle down the wind    放す
• whistle in the dark    暗闇で口笛を吹く

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) صفارة, صفير, صفرة (فعل) يصفر, يدعو أو يطرد بصفير‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮שריקה, משרוקית‬
v. intr. - ‮שרק, צפצף, נתן סימן בשריקה, ביטא בוז או התפעלות בשריקה‬
v. tr. - ‮נתן סימן בשריקה‬

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whistle	wiener whistle
tin whistle