aviation

1. The operation of aircraft.
2. The design, development, and production of aircraft.
3. Military aircraft.

[French, from Latin avis, bird.]

For more information on aviation, visit Britannica.com.

A general term including the science and technology of flight through the air. Aviation also applies to the mode of travel provided by aircraft as carriers of passengers and cargo, and as such is part of the total transportation system. Aviation also describes the employment of aircraft in such fields as military aviation. The world of the airplane, including the people who manufacture, market, and repair aircraft or who work in allied industries, is frequently spoken of as aviation. See also Airplane; Military aircraft.

Aviation is broadly grouped into three classes: general aviation, air transport aviation, and military aviation. General aviation comprises all aviation not included in military or air-transport aviation. Military aviation includes all forms of aviation in military activities, and air-transport aviation is primarily the operation of commercial airlines essentially as a public utility for the movement of persons and commodities. See also General aviation.

n.the flying or operating of aircraft: the aviation industry | aviation engineering.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

Americans have always been fascinated by the possibility of flight. On June 24, 1784, only seven months after Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis D'Arlandes became the first human beings to fly, thirteen-year-old Edward Warren rose above the streets of Baltimore aboard a balloon constructed by Peter Carnes, a lawyer and tavern keeper from Maryland. During the next century, balloons became a familiar sight, but the gaily decorated gasbags were captives of the wind. Navigating in air with the freedom of the birds came only with the invention of the airplane.

During the 1890s Octave Chanute and Samuel Pierpont Langley helped set the stage for achieving winged flight. In 1896, Langley, the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, launched a series of large, steam-powered model aircraft on flights of up to three-quarters of a mile over the Potomac River. Several months later, Chanute, a civil engineer, led a band of assistants into the dune country east of Chicago, where they flew a series of manned gliders, including an advanced biplane.

Wilbur and Orville Wright, the proprietors of a bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio, wrote to Langley and Chanute in 1899-1900, requesting information on aeronautics and announcing their decision to conduct their own tests. They made the world's first powered, sustained, and controlled flights with a heavier-than-air flying machine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903. Unwilling to risk unveiling their technology without the protection of a patent and a contract for the sale of airplanes, the Wrights did not make their flights in public until 1908. By that time, photographs and descriptions of their machine had inspired other pioneers to follow their lead.

Glenn Hammond Curtiss, a motorcycle builder from New York, emerged as their most important American rival. Flying in a competition in France in 1909, Curtiss won the first James Gordon Bennett trophy competition with a speed of forty-six miles per hour. In spite of the Wrights' legal efforts to curb his activity, Curtiss had, by 1914, established himself as the most successful of all American aircraft manufacturers.

American aeronautical hegemony was short-lived, however. With war looming, European leaders were quick to recognize the military potential of the technology and to encourage its development by sponsoring speed, altitude, and distance competitions, establishing aerial units in their armed forces, and creating laboratories to conduct research and development programs.

During World War I, the nation that had given birth to the airplane only fourteen years before scarcely qualified as a third-rate aeronautical power. American pilots flew into combat aboard airplanes designed and, for the most part, manufactured in Europe. In spite of some success in the production of training craft and engines, the performance of the fledgling aircraft industry was disappointing.

Postwar congressional investigations underscored the problems of a limited market and high research and development costs faced by airframe and engine manufacturers. Recognizing the growing importance of the airplane to national defense and prestige, federal officials took a series of steps between 1915 and 1940 designed to strengthen and regulate the aviation industry.

Established by Congress in 1915, the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (naca) conducted programs of research and development that by 1925 had demonstrated the value of basic research. Technical reports issued by the agency introduced U.S. aircraft designers to a host of improvements, including revolutionary airfoils; improved propellers, engines, and instruments; and various streamlining techniques. Specialists experimented with wing flaps and other high-lift devices and explored innovative construction techniques and new materials.

American engineers made use of the information provided by the naca, university researchers, and organizations dedicated to flight research. By the 1930s, a new generation of low-wing, streamlined, all-metal airplanes were flowing off their drawing boards. Aircraft like the Boeing 247, the Douglas DC-3, and the Sikorsky, Martin, and Boeing flying boats marked the return of the United States to a position of world aeronautical leadership.

Congressional leaders had taken steps to ensure that there would be a market for the new airplanes. The Kelly Air Mail Act of 1925 authorized the use of private companies for the delivery of air mail. Most American airlines trace their lineage back to contract mail carriers; postal subsidies were an important source of income during the years when paying passengers were few and far between.

The government also regulated commercial aviation. The Air Commerce Act of 1926 created a Bureau of Aeronautics within the Commerce Department, which had limited regulatory authority and was charged with establishing aids to aerial navigation. The Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 and the Civil Aeronautics Board and Civil Aeronautics Administration (1940) worked to improve passenger safety, route markings, and air traffic control systems.

The time between the wars was the golden age of American aviation. The products of companies like Lockheed, Boeing, Douglas, and Northrop were instantly recognizable by small boys from coast to coast. The pilots who flew higher, faster, and farther--fliers like Charles Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart, Jimmy Doolittle, Wiley Post, Richard Byrd, and Howard Hughes--were the heroes of what everyone referred to as the air age.

The airplane, an instrument of commerce, also gave birth to total war during the years 1939-1945. Traditional definitions of the battlefield lost their meaning in an age when fearful destruction could be rained on the enemy's heartland. Attacks from the sky directed against Guernica (1937), Nanking (1937), Warsaw (1939), Pearl Harbor (1941), and a hundred other places climaxed with the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by atomic bombs in 1945. From the great carrier battles of the Pacific to the fierce combat fought four miles up in the sky over Europe, the products of American aircraft builders carried the day.

Traditional piston-engine, propeller-driven aircraft technology reached its height during the Second World War. But far more revolutionary was the turbojet engine, which opened the way to much higher speeds. After the war the pressure of international tension between the United States and the Soviet Union led to increased defense spending and a drive for supremacy in the field of aerospace technology. The steady flow of military funding for flight research and development resulted in a string of technological triumphs, from the first faster-than-sound flight by the Bell X-1 in 1947 to the launch of the first successful U.S. satellite by a modified army ballistic missile in 1958.

The real impact of the airplane on the postwar world, however, came in the field of commercial transportation. By 1950 the airliner was well on the way to replacing the railroad and the ocean liner as the primary means of long-distance travel. The entry of the first turbojet airliners into scheduled service in 1952 literally accelerated the pace of the air transport revolution. The first three decades following the end of World War II were especially good years for the American airframe and engine industry, with the jet-propelled products of Boeing, McDonnell-Douglas, Lockheed, and other U.S. firms dominating the international air routes.

The result of the postwar air transport boom was nothing short of a social revolution. Regional and local airlines and air freight operations joined the giant international air carriers to create an aerial network linking every corner of the globe. The economic, social, and political consequences included the creation of global markets, opportunities for global travel undreamed of a generation before, and increasing cultural homogeneity.

For U.S. carriers, however, the era of growth and optimism came to an end in the 1970s, as the industry became plagued by a seemingly endless stream of problems. The airlines suffered from labor unrest at every level from the cockpit to the control tower, corporate mismanagement, airport congestion, skyrocketing fuel costs, increasingly crowded skies, and public concern over issues ranging from safety and service to air and noise pollution.

Industry leaders also had to accommodate to a changing political environment. The proponents of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 hoped to encourage competition and increased efficiency by decreasing government controls and abolishing the Civil Aeronautics Board, for forty years the principal regulatory agency in the field of commercial aviation.

Initially, the measure did attract new competitors into the field and led to lower ticket prices. But deregulation brought with it a new set of difficulties. Increasingly congested hub airports, circuitous routing, greater passenger crowding, the loss of service to small towns, discriminatory and rapidly changing fare structures, longer working hours for flight crews, and the temptation to risk operating with narrower safety margins were but a few of the problems the industry struggled with.

Beyond its importance to national defense and the movement of freight and passengers around the globe, the aerospace industry became the single most important factor driving technological advance in a wide variety of fields. The great breakthroughs in materials science and technology, electronics, and computer sciences were inextricably linked to the needs of aviation and space flight. In eight short decades after Kitty Hawk, the aerospace enterprise changed the world in myriad ways and enormously expanded our vision of the possible.

Bibliography:

Roger Bilstein, Flight in America, 1900-1983 (1984); C. H. Gibbs-Smith, Aviation: An Historical Survey (1985).

Author:

Tom D. Crouch

See also Armed Forces; Earhart, Amelia; Lindbergh, Charles A.; Wright, Wilbur, and Wright, Orville.

Defined as the science and practice of powered, heavier-than-air flight, aviation made its first great strides in the early twentieth century, after decades of flights in lighter-than-air gliders and balloons had been achieved in several countries. As acknowledged in reference books worldwide, including those of Soviet Russia, the first successful flight of an airplane was performed one hundred years ago by Orville and Wilbur Wright on December 17,1903. Throughout the nineteenth century, however, designers and engineers in many countries were working on plans for powered human flight.

In Russia, Sergi Alexeyevich Chaplygin (1869 - 1942) and Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky (1847 - 1921) made major contributions in their study of aerodynamics, founding a world-famous school in St. Petersburg, Russia. In 1881, Alexander Fyodorovich Mozhaisky (1823 - 1890) received a patent for a propeller-driven, table-shaped airplane powered by a steam engine, which crashed on takeoff in 1885. From 1909 to 1914, however, Russia made significant strides in airplane design. Progress included several successful test flights of innovative aircraft. For instance, the Russian aircraft designer Yakov M. Gakkel (1874 - 1945) achieved worldwide attention among aviation experts for developing a single-seat, motor-powered biplane that attracted world attention among aviation experts. In 1910, Boris N. Yuriev (1889 - 1957) designed one of the world's first helicopters, which were known in aviation's earlier days as autogyros.

A major breakthrough in world aviation occurred in 1913, with the development of the four-motored heavy Russian aircraft, the Ilya Muromets. This huge airplane far outstripped all other planes of its time for its size, range, and load-carrying capability. Russian ice- and hydroplane development was also outstanding in the years 1915 and 1916. One of the world famous Russian aircraft designers of this period, and the one who built the Muromets, was Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (1889 - 1972), who emigrated to the United States in 1919 and established a well-known aircraft factory there in 1923.

Before and during World War I, Russian military aircraft technical schools and aviation clubs blossomed. In the war, the Russians deployed thirty-nine air squadrons totaling 263 aircraft, all bearing a distinctive circular white, blue, and red insignia on their wings. With the coming to power of the Communists in late 1917, Lenin and Stalin, who stressed the importance of military production and an offensive strategy, strongly supported the development of the Red Air Force. Civilian planes, too, were built, for what became the world's largest airline, Aeroflot.

By the time of World War II, the Soviets had made significant strides in the development of all types of military aircraft, including fighters and bombers, gliders and transport planes, for both the Red Army and Red Navy. By the time of the German invasion of the USSR in June 1941, various types of Soviet aircraft possessed equal or superior specifications compared to the planes available to their Nazi German counterparts. This achievement was possible not only because of the long, pre-revolutionary Russian and postrevolutionary Soviet experience in designing and building aircraft and participating in international air shows. Progress in this field also stemmed from Soviet strategic planning, which called for offensive air - ground support in land battle.

During World War II, such aircraft as the Shturmoviks, Ilyushins, and Polikarpovs became world famous in the war, as did a number of male and female Soviet war aces. With the coming of jet-powered and supersonic aircraft in the 1950s and beyond, the Soviets continued their quest for air supremacy, and again showed their prowess in aviation.

—ALBERT L. WEEKS

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)

A group of Norwegian Bell 412 helicopters take part in a military exercise.

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Aviation is the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, esp. heavier-than-air aircraft.

Contents 1 History 2 Civil aviation 2.1 Air transport 2.2 General aviation 3 Military aviation 3.1 Types of military aircraft 4 Air Traffic Control (ATC) 5 Environmental impact 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links

History

Main article: Aviation history

“	Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible.[1]	”
	— Lord Kelvin, 1892

Many cultures have built devices that travel through the air, from the earliest projectiles such as stones and spears.^[2][3], the boomerang in Australia, the hot air Kongming lantern, and kites. There are early legends of human flight such as the story of Icarus, and later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the winged flights of Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887), Eilmer of Malmesbury (11th century), and the hot-air Passarola of Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão (1685-1724).

The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21, 1783, in a hot air balloon designed by the Montgolfier brothers. The practicality of balloons was limited because they could only travel downwind. It was immediately recognized that a steerable, or dirigible, balloon was required. Jean-Pierre Blanchard flew the first human-powered dirigible in 1784 and crossed the English Channel in one in 1785.

In 1799 Sir George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.^[4][5] Early dirigible developments included machine-powered propulsion (Henri Giffard, 1852), rigid frames (David Schwarz, 1896), and improved speed and maneuverability (Alberto Santos-Dumont, 1901)

First flight by the Wright Brothers, December 17, 1903

Hindenburg at Lakehurst Naval Air Station, 1936

While there are many competing claims for the earliest powered, heavier-than-air flight, the most widely-accepted date is December 17, 1903 by the Wright brothers, who had solved the age old problem of controlling a craft in flight. The widespread adoption of ailerons made aircraft much easier to manage, and only a decade later, at the start of World War I, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and even attacks against ground positions.

Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. In contrast to small non-rigid blimps, giant rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances. The best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin company.

The most successful Zeppelin was the Graf Zeppelin. It flew over one million miles, including an around-the-world flight in August 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of the that period, which had a range of only a few hundred miles, was diminishing as airplane design advanced. The "Golden Age" of the airships ended on May 6, 1937 when the Hindenburg caught fire killing 36 people. Although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time.

Great progress was made in the field of aviation during the 1920s and 1930s, such as Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith's transpacific flight the following year. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3 which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.

NASA's Helios researches solar powered flight.

After WW II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft for the new middle class market.

By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely-used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other planes at the time. At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.

Since the 1960s, composite airframes and quieter, more efficient engines have become available, and the Concorde provided supersonic passenger service for a time, but the most important lasting innovations have taken place in instrumentation and control. The arrival of solid-state electronics, the Global Positioning System, satellite communications, and increasingly small and powerful computers and LED displays, have dramatically changed the cockpits of airliners and, increasingly, of smaller aircraft as well. Pilots can navigate much more accurately and view terrain, obstructions, and other nearby aircraft on a map or through synthetic vision, even at night or in low visibility.

On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded aircraft to make a spaceflight, opening the possibility of an aviation market capable of leaving the Earth's atmosphere. Meanwhile, flying prototypes of aircraft powered by alternative fuels, such as ethanol, electricity, and even solar energy, are becoming more common and may soon enter the mainstream, at least for light aircraft.

Civil aviation

Main article: Civil aviation

Civil aviation includes all non-military flying, both general aviation and scheduled air transport.

Air transport

Main article: Airline

Northwest Airlines Airbus A330-300

There are five major manufacturers of civil transport aircraft (in alphabetical order):

• Airbus, based in Europe
• Boeing, based in the United States
• Bombardier, based in Canada
• Embraer, based in Brazil
• Tupolev, based in Russia (scheduled to be merged into the United Aircraft Building Corporation)

Boeing, Airbus, and Tupolev concentrate on wide-body and narrow-body jet airliners, while Bombardier and Embraer concentrate on regional airliners. Large networks of specialized parts suppliers from around the world support these manufacturers, who sometimes provide only the initial design and final assembly in their own plants. The Chinese ACAC consortium will also soon enter the civil transport market with its ACAC ARJ21 regional jet.^[6]

Until the 1970s, most major airlines were flag carriers, sponsored by their governments and heavily protected from competition. Since then, open skies agreements have resulted in increased competition and choice for consumers, coupled with falling prices for airlines. The combination of high fuel prices, low fares, high salaries, and crises such as the September 11, 2001 attacks and the SARS epidemic have driven many older airlines to government-bailouts, bankruptcy or mergers. At the same time, low-cost carriers such as Ryanair, Southwest and Westjet have flourished.

General aviation

Main article: General aviation

1947 Cessna 120

A weight-shift ultralight aircraft, the Air Creation Tanarg

General aviation includes all non-scheduled civil flying, both private and commercial. General aviation may include business flights, air charter, private aviation, flight training, ballooning, parachuting, gliding, hang gliding, aerial photography, foot-launched powered hang gliders, air ambulance, crop dusting, charter flights, traffic reporting, police air patrols and forest fire fighting.

Each country regulates aviation differently, but general aviation usually falls under different regulations depending on whether it is private or commercial and on the type of equipment involved.

Many small aircraft manufacturers, including Cessna, Piper, Diamond, Mooney, Cirrus Design, Raytheon and others serve the general aviation market, with a focus on private aviation and flight training.

The most important recent developments for small aircraft (which form the bulk of the GA fleet) have been the introduction of advanced avionics (including GPS) that were formerly found only in large airliners, and the introduction of composite materials to make small aircraft lighter and faster. Ultralight and homebuilt aircraft have also become increasingly popular for recreational use, since in most countries that allow private aviation, they are much less expensive and less heavily regulated than certified aircraft.

Military aviation

Main article: Aerial warfare

Simple balloons were used as surveillance aircraft as early as the 18th century. Over the years, military aircraft have been built to meet ever increasing capability requirements. Manufacturers of military aircraft compete for contracts to supply their government's arsenal. Aircraft are selected based on factors like cost, performance, and the speed of production.

The Lockheed SR-71 remains unsurpassed in many areas of performance.

Types of military aircraft

• Fighter aircraft's primary function is to destroy other aircraft. (e.g. Sopwith Camel, A6M Zero, F-15, MiG-29, Su-27, F-22).
• Ground attack aircraft are used against tactical earth-bound targets. (e.g. Junkers Stuka diver bomber, A-10 Warthog, Ilyushin Il-2, J-22 Orao, and Sukhoi Su-25).
• Bombers are generally used against more strategic targets, such as factories and oil fields. (e.g. Zeppelin, B-29 Superfortress, Tu-95, Dassault Mirage IV, and the B-52 Stratofortress)
• Cargo transport aircraft are used to transport hardware and personnel, such as the C-17 Globemaster III or C-130 Hercules.
• Surveillance aircraft are used for reconnaissance (e.g. Rumpler Taube, de Havilland Mosquito, U-2, and MiG-25R).
• Helicopters are used for assault support, cargo transport and close air support (e.g.AH-64,Mi-24).

Air Traffic Control (ATC)

Main article: Air traffic control

Air traffic control towers at Schiphol Airport, the Netherlands

Air traffic control (ATC) involves communication with aircraft to help maintain separation — that is, they ensure that aircraft are sufficiently far enough apart horizontally or vertically for no risk of collision. Controllers may co-ordinate position reports provided by pilots, or in high traffic areas (such as the United States) they may use radar to see aircraft positions.

There are generally four different types of ATC:

• center controllers, who control aircraft en route between airports
• control towers (including tower, ground control, clearance delivery, and other services), which control aircraft within a small distance (typically 10–15 km horizontal, and 1,000 m vertical) of an airport.
• oceanic controllers, who control aircraft over international waters between continents, generally without radar service.
• terminal controllers, who control aircraft in a wider area (typically 50–80 km) around busy airports.

ATC is especially important for aircraft flying under Instrument flight rules (IFR), where they may be in weather conditions that do not allow the pilots to see other aircraft. However, in very high-traffic areas, especially near major airports, aircraft flying under Visual flight rules (VFR) are also required to follow instructions from ATC.

In addition to separation from other aircraft, ATC may provide weather advisories, terrain separation, navigation assistance, and other services to pilots, depending on their workload.

ATC do not control all flights. The majority of VFR flights in North America are not required to talk to ATC (unless they are passing through a busy terminal area or using a major airport), and in many areas, such as northern Canada and low altitude in northern Scotland, ATC services are not available even for IFR flights at lower altitudes.

Environmental impact

Main article: Aviation and the environment

Like all activities involving combustion, operating powered aircraft (from airliners to hot air balloons) releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), soot, and other pollutants into the atmosphere. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to aviation:

Water vapor contrails left by high-altitude jet airliners. These may contribute to cirrus cloud formation.

• Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the tropopause (mainly large jet airliners) emit aerosols and leave contrails, both of which can increase cirrus cloud formation — cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.^[7]
• Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly nitrogen compounds, which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.^[8][9]
• Most light piston aircraft burn avgas, which contains tetra-ethyl lead (TEL), a highly-toxic substance that can cause soil contamination at airports. Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded mogas, and turbine engines and diesel engines — neither of which requires lead — are appearing on some newer light aircraft.

See also

Aviation portal

	Book:Aviation
Books are collections of articles which can be downloaded or ordered in print.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aviation

At Wikiversity you can learn more about Aviation at: The School of Aviation

• Aeronautics
• Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms
• List of aviation topics
• Timeline of aviation

Notes

1. ^ Thompson, Silvanus. "Wikiquote Lord Kelvin", Letter to R. B. Hayward (1892), as quoted in Energy and Empire : A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin (1989) by Crosbie Smith and M. Norton Wise
2. ^ Archytas of Tar entum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
3. ^ Automata history
4. ^ "Aviation History". http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-26. 
5. ^ "Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)". Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft." 
6. ^ China's Aircraft Industry Gets Off the Ground - TIME
7. ^ Aviation and the Global Atmosphere (IPCC)
8. ^ Lin, X.; Trainer, M. and Liu, S.C., (1988). "On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production.". Journal of Geophysical Research 93: 15879–15888. doi:10.1029/JD093iD12p15879. 
9. ^ Grewe, V.; D. Brunner, M. Dameris, J. L. Grenfell, R. Hein, D. Shindell, J. Staehelin (July 2001). "Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes". Atmospheric Environment 35 (20): 3421–3433. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231001001340. Retrieved 2007-11-20. 

External links

• List of International Regulatory & Government Aviation Agencies

v • d • e Lists relating to aviation General Timeline of aviation · Aircraft (manufacturers) · Aircraft engines (manufacturers) · Rotorcraft (manufacturers) · Airports · Airlines (defunct) · Civil authorities · Museums Military Air forces · Aircraft weapons · Missiles · Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) · Experimental aircraft Accidents/incidents General · Military · Commercial (airliners) · Deaths Records Airspeed · Distance · Altitude · Endurance · Most-produced aircraft

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Encyclopaedia Britannica. “History of Transportation, Aviation: the ultimate ubiquity,” www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/2/0,5716,120012+24+110734,00.html
The Boeing Company. “Product Line Family Overview,” www.boeing.com/commercial/productline/index.html.
The Unofficial Concorde Home Page. “Concorde Jet History,” www.concorde-jet.com/

Common misspelling(s) of aviation

• avation

Dansk (Danish)
n. - flyvning, luftfart

Nederlands (Dutch)
luchtvaart, vliegtuigbouwkunde

Français (French)
n. - aviation

Deutsch (German)
n. - Luftfahrt

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - αεροπορία, αεροπλοϊα

Italiano (Italian)
aviazione

idioms:

• military aviation    aviazione militare

Português (Portuguese)
n. - aviação (f), aeronáutica (f), navegação (f) aérea

idioms:

• civil aviation    aviação civil
• military aviation    aviação militar

Русский (Russian)
авиация

idioms:

• civil aviation    гражданская авиация
• military aviation    военная авиация

Español (Spanish)
n. - aviación

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - flygning, flygsport

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
飞行, 航空, 飞机制造业, 飞行术, 航空学, 军用飞机, 飞机

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 飛行, 航空, 飛機製造業, 飛行術, 航空學, 軍用飛機, 飛機

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 비행, 항공

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 飛行, 航空, 飛行術, 航空機産業

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) ملاحه جويه, طيران‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮תעופה, אוויראות‬

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